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==Durations== |
==Durations== |
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Some phrases for duration have become de facto [[Lexicalization|lexicalized]]: |
Some phrases for duration have become de facto [[Lexicalization|lexicalized]]: |
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* {{tp|tenpo suno}} - day (sun "circles" the Earth) |
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* {{tp|tenpo esun}} - week (based on the weekly workday cycle) |
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* {{tp|tenpo mun}} - month (moon circles the Earth) |
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* {{tp|tenpo sike}} - year (Earth circles the sun)<ref group="note">It's arguable whether or not this is a lexicalization, as the {{tp|pu}} definition of {{tp|sike}} includes "of one year".</ref> |
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Some speakers omit the word |
Some speakers omit the word {{tp|tenpo}}, which is called {{tp|tenpo}}-dropping. |
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There are no lexicalizations for units smaller than a day. One semi-common idea is to refer to the hands of a clock, e.g. |
There are no lexicalizations for units smaller than a day. One semi-common idea is to refer to the hands of a clock, e.g. {{tp|tenpo pi palisa lili}} for "hour". |
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For approximate durations, one can use |
For approximate durations, one can use {{tp|tenpo lili}} and {{tp|tenpo suli}}, or {{tp|tenpo poka}} and {{tp|tenpo weka}} for distances (which can be combined with "[[#Past|past]]" and "[[#Future|future]]") |
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==Past== |
==Past== |
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The most commonly used phrase is |
The most commonly used phrase is {{tp|tenpo pini}} - "finished time". If you'd like to (or need to) use something else, here are some potential alternatives for inspiration: |
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* {{tp|tenpo majuna}} - old time, time of old things |
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* {{tp|tenpo tan}} - source time |
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* {{tp|tenpo weka}} - gone time (might be confused with far-away time) |
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* {{tp|tenpo kiwen}} - solid time, time that can't be changed |
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* {{tp|tenpo mama}} - ancestor time, time that created the current time |
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==Present== |
==Present== |
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The most commonly used phrase is |
The most commonly used phrase is {{tp|tenpo ni}} - "this time", which can be confused with "the time we're talking about". A somewhat common alternative is {{tp|tenpo lon}} - "time that exists". Other possible phrases include {{tp|tenpo mi}} - "my/our time" and {{tp|tenpo pi toki ni}} - "the time of this conversation". |
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==Future== |
==Future== |
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The most commonly used phrase is |
The most commonly used phrase is {{tp|tenpo kama}} - "coming time". If you'd like to (or need to) use something else, here are some potential alternatives for inspiration: |
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* {{tp|tenpo sin}} - new time |
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* {{tp|tenpo tawa}} - moving time, the time we're heading to |
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* {{tp|tenpo pi sona ala}} - unknown time |
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* {{tp|tenpo ken}} - time of possibilities |
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* {{tp|tenpo kili}} - offspring time, time created by the current time |
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==Spatial metaphors== |
==Spatial metaphors== |
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A reoccurring idea is to use |
A reoccurring idea is to use {{tp|tenpo monsi}} and {{tp|tenpo sinpin}} to refer to the past and future. Or is it future and past? Spatial metaphors for time vary across languages: Aymara and Toba put the future behind the speaker, Mandarin Chinese does so in some cases (and often prefers a top-to-bottom timeline), French and Italian kinship terms equate "back" with both great-grandchildren and great-grandparents, and so on.<ref>Radden, G. (2015). "[https://core.ac.uk/display/267970574 The Metaphor TIME AS SPACE across Languages]". {{tp|CORE}}.</ref> Not even English is completely immune, with e.g. the phrase "moving a meeting forward" having been shown to be ambiguous.<ref>Spinney, L. (2017, February 22). "[https://www.theguardian.com/science/2005/feb/24/4 How time flies]". {{tp|The Guardian}}.</ref> |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
Revision as of 20:36, 12 August 2023
Durations
Some phrases for duration have become de facto lexicalized:
- tenpo suno - day (sun "circles" the Earth)
- tenpo esun - week (based on the weekly workday cycle)
- tenpo mun - month (moon circles the Earth)
- tenpo sike - year (Earth circles the sun)[note 1]
Some speakers omit the word tenpo, which is called tenpo-dropping.
There are no lexicalizations for units smaller than a day. One semi-common idea is to refer to the hands of a clock, e.g. tenpo pi palisa lili for "hour".
For approximate durations, one can use tenpo lili and tenpo suli, or tenpo poka and tenpo weka for distances (which can be combined with "past" and "future")
Past
The most commonly used phrase is tenpo pini - "finished time". If you'd like to (or need to) use something else, here are some potential alternatives for inspiration:
- tenpo majuna - old time, time of old things
- tenpo tan - source time
- tenpo weka - gone time (might be confused with far-away time)
- tenpo kiwen - solid time, time that can't be changed
- tenpo mama - ancestor time, time that created the current time
Present
The most commonly used phrase is tenpo ni - "this time", which can be confused with "the time we're talking about". A somewhat common alternative is tenpo lon - "time that exists". Other possible phrases include tenpo mi - "my/our time" and tenpo pi toki ni - "the time of this conversation".
Future
The most commonly used phrase is tenpo kama - "coming time". If you'd like to (or need to) use something else, here are some potential alternatives for inspiration:
- tenpo sin - new time
- tenpo tawa - moving time, the time we're heading to
- tenpo pi sona ala - unknown time
- tenpo ken - time of possibilities
- tenpo kili - offspring time, time created by the current time
Spatial metaphors
A reoccurring idea is to use tenpo monsi and tenpo sinpin to refer to the past and future. Or is it future and past? Spatial metaphors for time vary across languages: Aymara and Toba put the future behind the speaker, Mandarin Chinese does so in some cases (and often prefers a top-to-bottom timeline), French and Italian kinship terms equate "back" with both great-grandchildren and great-grandparents, and so on.[1] Not even English is completely immune, with e.g. the phrase "moving a meeting forward" having been shown to be ambiguous.[2]
Notes
- ↑ It's arguable whether or not this is a lexicalization, as the pu definition of sike includes "of one year".
References
- ↑ Radden, G. (2015). "The Metaphor TIME AS SPACE across Languages". CORE.
- ↑ Spinney, L. (2017, February 22). "How time flies". The Guardian.