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== Preface ==
This is an attempt to establish a system of inorganic and organic chemical nomenclature in Toki Pona. It is written to test how good Toki Pona is at naming scientific (specifically chemical) concepts using as few neologisms as possible.
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| 29 || Cu || {{tp|Kupun}} (from Latin {{lang|la|cuprum}})
|-
| 30 || Zn || {{tp|Sinku}}<ref group="note">Since {{tp|sin}} is already a content word, the name for zinc is modified.</ref>
|-
| 31 || Ga || {{tp|Kalun}}<ref group="note">Since {{tp|Kalijun}} is already taken for potassium, the name for gallium is modified.</ref>
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| 32 || Ge || {{tp|Kemanijun}}
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| 75 || Re || {{tp|Lenijun}}
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| 76 || Os || {{tp|Osijun}}<ref group="note">Since {{tp|Omijun}} is already taken for holmium, the name for osmium is modified.</ref>
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| 77 || Ir || {{tp|Ilisijun}}
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=== Tokiponization ===
: ''See the section [[Names#Tokiponization|Names#Tokiponization]] for more information.''
Tokiponization is the act of transcribing a foreign word into Toki Pona's phonology and phonotactics. All words created this way act as adjectives and must describe another word, usually a noun. For specific rules about Tokiponization, see [[#Rules for transcription into Toki Pona|Rules for transcription into Toki Pona]].
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If, however, a term must be Tokiponized and it cannot be expressed with other Tokiponized terms, Latin (or New Latin) takes precedence over any other language, so alkane, alkene and alkyne use <span style="color: green;">{{tp|Akan}}</span>, <span style="color: green;">{{tp|Aken}}</span> and <span style="color: green;">{{tp|Akin}}</span> respectively, and not <span style="color: red;">{{tp|Aken}}</span>, <span style="color: red;">{{tp|Akin}}</span> and <span style="color: red;">{{tp|Akan}}</span> as in English.
According to Tokiponization rules, related proper nouns become the same adjective in Toki Pona. Therefore, as sulphur is {{tp|ijo Supu}}, sulphuric acid is <span style="color: green;">{{tp|[[#apo|apo]] Supu}}</span> instead of <span style="color: red;">{{tp|[[#apo|apo]]
The special rules for Tokiponizing words through Latin (or New Latin) are as follows:
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Alternatively, the Stock nomenclature, developed by German chemist Alfred Stock, can be used. In Toki Pona, oxyacids are named as {{tp|apo [central element][oxidation state in Roman numerals, surrounded in parentheses]}}. Therefore, in this system, nitric acid is {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] Nitoken(V)}}, and the four oxyacids containing chlorine as stated above is {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] Kolin(VII)}}, {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] Kolin(V)}}, {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] Kolin(III)}} and {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] Kolin(I)}}, in that order.
The two nomenclature systems can applied to ions from acids. In both cases, {{tp|wan Ijon}} is added to before {{tp|[[#apo|apo]]}}. Thus, in the Stock nomenclauture and the IUPAC nomenclature, the nitrate ion (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>) is {{tp|wan Ijon [[#apo|apo]] Nitoken(VII)}} and {{tp|wan Ijon [[#apo|apo]] Nitoken}} respectively. However, names of acids that are not derived through the Stock nomenclature are more common than those derived through the nomenclature, so it is recommended that the IUPAC nomenculature be used whenever possible.
=== Binary compounds ===
A binary compound is compound which consists of only two elements. Binary compounds can be divided into binary ionic compounds and binary covalent compounds, which have different naming methods.
==== Binary ionic compounds ====
For binary ionic compounds, elements have at least one oxidation state. If an element has multiple oxidation states, it can give out or accept different numbers of electrons depending on the situation.
* When an element usually only has one oxidation state:
** Do not place the oxidation state in Roman numerals after the element. For example, sodium chloride (NaCl) is <span style="color: green;">{{tp|kiwen Nasijun Kolin}}</span> instead of <span style="color: red;">{{tp|kiwen Nasijun(I) Kolin}}</span>, and beryllium fluoride (BeF<sub>2</sub>) is <span style="color: green;">{{tp|kiwen Pelilijun Polin}}</span> instead of <span style="color: red;">{{tp|kiwen Pelilijun(II) Polin}}</span>.
* When an element usually has more than one oxidation states:
** The oxidation state should always be placed in Roman numerals after the element. For example:
*** Iron(II) chloride, FeCl<sub>2</sub>, is kiwen Pelun(II) Kolin;
*** Iron(III) chloride, FeCl<sub>3</sub>, is kiwen Pelun(III) Kolin;
*** Manganese(II) oxide, MnO, is kiwen Mankane(II) Osiken;
*** Manganese(III) oxide, Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, is kiwen Mankane(III) Osiken;
*** Manganese dioxide, (or manganese(IV) oxide), MnO<sub>2</sub>, is kiwen Mankane(IV) Osiken; and
*** Manganese(VII) oxide, Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>, is kiwen Mankane(VII) Osiken.
** Alternatively, in some compounds, there is an integral ratio of the amount of atoms of one element (B) to the amount of atoms of another element (A), such as manganese dioxide. In this case, [kiwen/...] [element A] [the amount of atoms of A] [element B] [the amount of atoms of B] can be used. Ones can be omitted. Therefore, manganese dioxide can be expressed as kiwen Mankane Osiken tu.
* When an element in a binary ionic compound has an oxidation state different from its usual one(s):
** The oxidation state should always be placed in Roman numerals after the element. For example, aluminium(II) oxide (AlO) is {{tp|kiwen Aluminijun(II) Osiken}}, while iron(II,III) oxide (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) is {{tp|kiwen Pelun(II,III) Osiken}}.
* Ions can also be named using the methods stated above. For example, iron(II) (Fe<sup>2+</sup>) is {{tp|wan Ijon Pelun(II)}}, while iron(III) (Fe<sup>3+</sup>) is {{tp|wan Ijon Pelun(III)}}.
==== Binary covalent compounds ====
For binary covalent compounds, simply state the constituents and their number in the order they are given, omitting the number one if necessary. For example:
* Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) is kon Nitoken tu Osiken;
* Nitric oxide or nitrogen monoxide (NO) is kon Nitoken Osiken;
* Nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>) is kon Nitoken Osiken tu;
* Dinitrogen trioxide (N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) is kon Nitoken tu Osiken san;
* Dinitrogen tetroxide (N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) is kon Nitoken tu Osiken po; and
* Dinitrogen pentoxide (N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>) is kon Nitoken tu Osiken luka.
==== Special compounds and ions ====
Water (H<sub>2</sub>O) is {{tp|telo}}, but {{tp|telo Akuwa}} or other names are also acceptable in cases where {{tp|telo}} alone would be ambiguous. Ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) is {{tp|kon Amonija}}, and ammonium (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>) is {{tp|wan Ijon Amonija}}. Hydroxide (OH<sup>-</sup>) is {{tp|wan Ijon Itoken Osiken}}. Cyanogen [(CN)<sub>2</sub>] is {{tp|kon Sijanoken}} and cyanide (CN-) is {{tp|wan Ijon Sijanoken}}.
=== Acid salts ===
Acid salts ({{tp|namako [[#apo|apo]]}}) are salts that produce acidic solutions. If an acid has multiple hydrogen atoms available for dissociation in one molecule, it can have any number, up to all, of its hydrogen atoms replaced by a cation to form a salt. If at least one hydrogen atom is kept for each molecule, an acid salt is formed.
To name non-acid salts derived from acids, see [[#Ions and salts|Ions and salts]]. To name acid salts, take note of how many hydrogen atoms and cations there are in each molecule, then name them as {{tp|[kiwen/...] [cation] [number of cations] Itoken [number of hydrogen atoms] [[#apo|apo]] [acid element]}}. Drop any ones. For example, when phosphoric acid and sodium react, three different salts can be formed, sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, {{tp|kiwen Nasijun Itoken tu [[#apo|apo]] Popolu}}), disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub>, {{tp|kiwen Nasijun tu Itoken [[#apo|apo]] Popolu}}) and trisodium phosphate (Na<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, {{tp|kiwen Nasijun san [[#apo|apo]] Popolin}}).
Alternatively, for acid salts, the {{tp|Itoken}} part can be omitted, but the number of cations must be shown in all cases. Therefore, the first two compounds above can be referred to as {{tp|kiwen Nasijun wan [[#apo|apo]] Popolu}} and {{tp|kiwen Nasijun tu [[#apo|apo]] Popolu}} respectively. Also, as already mentioned in [[#Ions and salts|Ions and salts]], trisodium phosphate can also be called {{tp|kiwen Nasijun [[#apo|apo]] Popolu}}. The former usages aligns with the IUPAC, and the latter with common usage.
=== Hydrates ===
In inorganic chemistry, a hydrate ({{tp|namako telo}}) is a salt that contains water molecules in a specific ratio. Such water molecules are called water of crystallization.
Chemical formulae of hydrated salts are usually written as [hydrated compound]⋅''n''H<sub>2</sub>O, where ''n'' is an integer or a fraction. When naming hydrated salts in Toki Pona, {{tp|[hydrated compound] poka telo n}} is used.
For example, since cobalt(II) chloride is {{tp|kiwen Kopa(II) Kolin}}, cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate (CoCl<sub>2</sub>⋅6H<sub>2</sub>O) is {{tp|kiwen Kopa(II) Kolin poka telo luka wan}}. Since copper(II) sulphate is {{tp|kiwen Kupun(II) [[#apo|apo]] Supu}}, copper(II) sulphate pentahydrate (CuSO<sub>4</sub>⋅5H<sub>2</sub>O) is {{tp|kiwen Kupun(II) [[#apo|apo]] Supu poka telo luka}}.
Anhydrates ({{tp|namako pi telo ala}}) are hydrates that have lost water. To name an anhydrate in Toki Pona, add {{tp|kan/poka telo ala}} to the name of the compound. Therefore, anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride is {{tp|kiwen Kopa(II) Kolin poka telo ala}}, and anhydrous copper(II) sulphate is {{tp|kiwen Kupun(II) [[#apo|apo]] Supu poka telo ala}}.
== Organic chemistry ==
== Appendices ==
=== Dictionary ===
Listed below are definitions for non-{{tp|pu}} ([[Toki Pona: The Language of Good|''Toki Pona: The Language of Good'']]) {{tp|ku}} (the [[Toki Pona Dictionary|''Toki Pona Dictionary'']]) words. Definitions are taken from [[Linku]] licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareSlike Licenses 3.0 and 4.0, with definitions coined specifically for this document colored in red.
==== namako ====
{{tp|[[namako]]}} - ''~pre-pu, ku suli~'' - {see [[sin]]} | ALT embellishment, spice; extra, additional | <span style="color: red;">salt (a type of compound obtained from an acid reacting with a base)</span>
: ← Hindi {{lang|hi|नमक}} namak 'salt' (← Persian {{lang|fa|نمک}} namak 'salt') or Persian {{lang|fa|نمک}} namak 'salt'
Coined: {{tp|jan Sonja}}, 2009
==== po ====
{{tp|[[po]]}} - ''~pre-pu, ku lili~'' four
: ← English {{lang|en|four}}
: Coined: {{tp|jan Sonja}}, 2001
==== san ====
{{tp|[[san]]}} - ''~post-pu, ku lili~'' three
: ← Japanese {{lang|ja|三}} san 'three' & Cantonese {{lang|yue|三}}/{{lang|yue|叁}} sāam
: Coined: {{tp|jan Lenoka}}, {{tp|jan Wesu}}, 2019
=== ''nimisins'' ===
A ''nimisin'' is a Toki Pona neologism. The exact definition varies; it may refer to Toki Pona words not included in {{tp|pu}}, or those outside of {{tp|ku}}. This document considers all Toki Pona words outside of {{tp|ku}} to be nimisins.
The level of acceptance of ''nimisins'' differs between each person. Some may only use words from {{tp|pu}} or {{tp|ku}}, while others use ''nimisins'' only if no other appropriate words exist, and some even favor the concept and usage of ''nimisins'', even if they are obscure.
Unfortunately, it is difficult to express some chemical concepts without resorting to ''nimisins'', which is why some have been coined for this document.
Listed below are ''nimisins'' that are used in this document, sorted in alphabetical order.
==== apo ====
{{tp|apo}} - ''~post-ku~'' - acid (any compound that reacts with bases to form salts)
: ← Finnish {{lang|fi|happo}} 'acid'
: Coined: {{tp|jan Maku}}, 2022<ref group="note" name="nimisin2022" >The original document was created in 2022, so it is natural that these ''nimisins'', which were coined for the document, were invented in the same year. This page is only a (partial) publicization of that document.</ref>
==== enki ====
{{tp|enki}} - ''~post-ku~'' - base (any compound that reacts with acids to form salts)
: ← Japanese {{lang|ja|塩基}} enki 'base'
: Coined: {{tp|jan Maku}}, 2022<ref group="note" name="nimisin2022" />
=== Rules for transcription into Toki Pona ===
This set of guidelines was written by Sonja Lang for her book ''Toki Pona: The Language of Good''.<ref name="tpize">{{cite web|url=https://jan-ne.github.io/tp/tpize|title=Proper Names|website={{tok|lipu pi jan Ne}}|author=Sonja Lang}}</ref>
==== General rules ====
* It is always better to translate the "idea" of a foreign word before attempting to create a new phonetic transcription that may not be recognizable by everyone. (Example: Jean Chrétien, Prime Minister of Canada, becomes {{tp|jan lawa pi ma Kanata}}, rather than {{tp|jan Kesijen}})
* Use the native pronunciation as a basis, rather than the spelling.
* If more than one language is spoken locally, use the dominant one.
* If it does not belong to any one language, use an international form. (Example: Atlantik becomes {{tp|Alansi}})
* Use the colloquial pronunciation that locals actually and commonly use, rather than the "proper" or standard pronunciation. (Example: Toronto becomes {{tp|Towano}}, not {{tp|Tolonto}})
* If a person chooses to have a Toki Pona name, he can choose whatever he wants and does not necessarily have to follow these guidelines.
* Names of nations, languages, religions have already been established. If one is missing from the official list, make a suggestion on the Toki Pona discussion list.
* If possible, find a common root between the name of the nation, the language and the people. (Example: England, English, and English(wo)man provide {{tp|Inli}}.)
* Cities and locations can be given a Toki Pona name, but they will only have an official name if they are internationally known.
* If full Tokiponization would compromise intelligibility, you can always leave a foreign name as is.
==== Phonetic Guidelines ====
* Voiced plosives become voiceless. (Example: b > {{tp|p}}, d > {{tp|t}}, g > {{tp|k}})
* [v] becomes {{tp|w}}.
* [f] becomes {{tp|p}}.
* The trilled or tapped [r] of most world languages becomes {{tp|l}}.
* The approximant r of languages like English becomes {{tp|w}}.
* Any uvular or velar consonant becomes {{tp|k}}, including the French or German {{tp|r}}.
* At the end of a word, The sh sound may be converted to {{tp|si}}. (Example: Lush > {{tp|Lusi}})
* The schwa can become any vowel in Toki Pona and is often influenced by neighboring vowels for cute reduplication.
* It is better to keep the same number of syllables and drop a consonant than add a new vowel. (Example: Chuck becomes {{tp|Sa}}, not {{tp|Saku}})
* When dealing with consonant clusters, the dominant plosive is generally kept, dropping fricatives such as [s] and laterals such as [l] first (Example: Esperanto becomes {{tp|Epelanto}}). You may also choose to keep the consonant at the head of the new syllable (Example: Atling becomes {{tp|Alin}}).
* Approximants like [j] and [w] in consonant clusters can either be converted into a syllable of their own (Swe becomes {{tp|Suwe}}; Pju becomes {{tp|Piju}}) or dropped entirely (Swe becomes {{tp|Se}}; Pju becomes {{tp|Pu}}).
* In some cases, it is better to change the letter order slightly, rather than dropping a sound. (Ex: Lubnan becomes {{tp|Lunpan}}, not {{tp|Lupan}} or {{tp|Lunan}})
* Dental fricatives such as English th can either convert to {{tp|t}} or {{tp|s}}.
* The illegal syllables ti, wo and wu convert to {{tp|si}}, {{tp|o}} and {{tp|u}}. (Example: Antarctica becomes {{tp|Antasika}})
* Affricates generally convert to fricatives. (Example: John becomes {{tp|San}}, not {{tp|Tan}})
* Any nasal consonant at the end of a syllable converts to {{tp|n}}. (Example: Fam becomes {{tp|Pan}})
* Nasal vowels (in French and Portuguese) also convert to syllable-final {{tp|n}}.
* If necessary to preserve proper syllable structure, the consonant {{tp|w}} or {{tp|j}} can be inserted as a euphonic glide. (Example: Tai bccomes {{tp|Tawi}}; Nihon becomes {{tp|Nijon}}; Eom becomes {{tp|Ejon}}). It may also be possible to relocate a consonant that would have otherwise been dropped in the conversion. (Example: Monkeal becomes {{tp|Monkela}}, not {{tp|Monkeja}}; Euska becomes {{tp|Esuka}})
* Voiceless lateral consonants convert to {{tp|s}}.
* If necessary, you may want to tweak a word to avoid a potentially misleading homonym. If possible, use a related word in the source language rather than introducing an arbitrary change.
== Notes ==
<references group="note" />
== References ==
<references />
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