User:ItMarki/Chemical nomenclature in Toki Pona: Difference between revisions
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== Preface ==
This is an attempt to establish a system of inorganic and organic chemical nomenclature in Toki Pona. It is written to test how good Toki Pona is at naming scientific (specifically chemical) concepts using as few neologisms as possible.
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To aid reading, Toki Pona text or text meant to be written in Toki Pona will be marked in a template, such as {{tp|toki pona li lon lipu ni}}. The reader may set a custom CSS syntax for the language code if italics text is insufficient.
Standard examples are shown in <span style="color: green;">green</span>, while nonstandard examples are shown in <span style="color: red;">red</span> and acceptable but not favored examples are shown in <span style="color: gray;">gray</span>. All occurences of nimisins (Toki Pona neologisms, see [[#nimisins|''nimisins'']]) used in this document
The names of all chemical elements and compounds will follow the IUPAC standard unless otherwise stated. The reader is reminded that this nomenclature set out in this page is '''not''' the only option, and that [[lexicalization]] is discouraged. However, should any consistency errors appear in this document, please inform me.
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== Inorganic chemistry ==
Inorganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that focuses on compounds that are not carbon-based.
=== Ions and salts ===
An atom turns into an ion ({{tp|wan Ijon}}) when it gains or loses electrons, from which it is called an anion ({{tp|wan Ijon monsi}}) or cation ({{tp|wan Ijon sinpin}}) respectively.
Ions can be referred to with {{tp|wan Ijon [element]}}. For example, the sodium ion (Na<sup>+</sup>) is {{tp|wan Ijon Nasijun}}, while the fluoride ion (F<sup>−</sup>) is {{tp|wan Ijon Polin}}.
Anions and cations bond together to form salts ({{tp|namako}}). When naming salts, put the cation first and the anion last, excluding any head nouns. namako or any other suitable word can be used as the salt's head noun. For example, sodium chloride (NaCl) is {{tp|(namako/kiwen/...) Nasijun Kolin}}.
If the salt is formed from an acid (see [[#Acids and bases]]), its anion is simply the name of that acid. The anion formed from an acid is called {{tp|wan Ijon [name of the acid]}}. For example, the sulphate ion (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>) is {{tp|wan Ijon apo Supu}}, while copper sulphate (CuSO<sub>4</sub>) is {{tp|kiwen Kupun apo Supu}}.
=== Acids and bases ===
Acids and bases have varying definitions, each for its own purpose. The simplest definition is that an acid ({{tp|[[#apo|apo]]}}) is any compound that dissociates in water to yield hydronium ions, and a base ({{tp|[[#enki|enki]]}}) is any compound that dissociates in water to yield hydroxide ions.
When naming acids, use their IUPAC preferred names as a reference. If only one element is used in its English name, then include it in the Toki Pona name too. If there are multiple elements, include all of them in the order they are given. All acids have {{tp|[[#apo|apo]]}} as their head noun. For example, sulphuric acid (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) is {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] Supu}}, hydrochloric acid (HCl) is {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] Itoken Kolin}}, and chromic acid (H<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4</sub>) is {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] Komijun}}.
If there is a number in the acid's English name (like '''di'''chromic acid), convert that number into Toki Pona and place it after the element, but place {{tp|pi}} after {{tp|[[#apo|apo]]}}. The reason why {{tp|pi}} should be inserted is that not doing so would lead to potential ambiguity. Therefore, dichromic acid (H<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>) is {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] pi Komijun tu}}.
==== Oxyacids ====
Oxyacids ({{tp|[[#apo|apo]] Osiken}}) are acids that contain oxygen, or more specifically, hydrogen, oxygen and one other element (which will be called the central atom). As some elements can form multiple oxyacids, it is necessary to differentiate them.
* When only one oxyacid can be formed from one element:
** Name the acid {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] [central element]}}.
* When only two oxyacids can be formed from one element:
** Name the acid with more oxygen atoms {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] [central element]}}, and the acid with less oxygen atoms {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] [central element] anpa}}. Therefore, nitric acid (HNO<sub>3</sub>) is {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] Nitoken}} and nitrous acid (HNO<sub>2</sub>) is {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] Nitoken anpa}}.
* When more than two oxyacids can be formed from one element:
** Take note of the oxidation state of the central element in each oxyacid. Name the oxyacids, from the one where the central atom has the highest oxidation state to the one where the central atom has the lowest oxidation state, {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] [central element] sewi}}, {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] [central element]}}, {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] [central element] anpa}} and {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] [central element] noka}}. For example:
*** perchloric acid, HClO<sub>4</sub>, is {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] Kolin sewi}};
*** chloric acid, HClO<sub>3</sub>, is {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] Kolin}};
*** chlorous acid, HClO<sub>2</sub>, is {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] Kolin anpa}}; and
*** hypochlorous acid, HClO, is {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] Kolin noka}}.
Alternatively, the Stock nomenclature, developed by German chemist Alfred Stock, can be used. In Toki Pona, oxyacids are named as {{tp|apo [central element][oxidation state in Roman numerals, surrounded in parentheses]}}. Therefore, in this system, nitric acid is {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] Nitoken(V)}}, and the four oxyacids containing chlorine as stated above is {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] Kolin(VII)}}, {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] Kolin(V)}}, {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] Kolin(III)}} and {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] Kolin(I)}}, in that order.
The two nomenclature systems can applied to ions from acids. In both cases, {{tp|wan Ijon}} is added to before {{tp|[[#apo|apo]]}}. Thus, in the Stock nomenclauture and the IUPAC nomenclature, the nitrate ion (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>) is {{tp|wan Ijon apo Nitoken(VII)}} and {{tp|wan Ijon apo Nitoken}} respectively. However, names of acids that are not derived through the Stock nomenclature are more common than those derived through the nomenclature, so it is recommended that the IUPAC nomenculature be used whenever possible.
== Organic chemistry ==
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