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==A== |
==A== |
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;adjective<span id="Adjective" /><span id="adjective" /> |
;adjective<span id="Adjective" /><span id="adjective" /> |
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:A word that modifies or describes a noun. "Big" and "tall" are examples of adjectives. |
:A word that [[#modifier|modifies]] or describes a [[#noun|noun]]. "Big" and "tall" are examples of adjectives. |
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;adverb<span id="Adverb" /><span id="adverb" /> |
;adverb<span id="Adverb" /><span id="adverb" /> |
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:A word that modifies or describes a verb. "Quickly" and "slowly" are examples of adverbs. |
:A word that [[#modifier|modifies]] or describes a [[#verb|verb]]. In English, they often end in "-ly". "Quickly" and "slowly" are examples of adverbs. |
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==C== |
==C== |
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;content word<span id="Content Word" /><span id="Content word" /><span id="content word" /> |
;content word<span id="Content Word" /><span id="Content word" /><span id="content word" /> |
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: |
:The main type of word in [[Toki Pona]], which can be used as a [[#noun|noun]], [[#verb|verb]], or [[#modifier|modifier]] (although its primary definition's part of speech can affect its meaning in other parts of speech). ''pona'', ''suwi'', and ''moku'' are examples of content words in toki pona. Contrast [[#particle|particle]]. |
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==I== |
==I== |
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;imperative<span id="Imperative" /><span id="imperative" /> |
;imperative<span id="Imperative" /><span id="imperative" /> |
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:A command or instruction. "Do as I say, not as I do" is an imperative sentence, as is "go!". |
:A grammatical mood that expresses a command or instruction. "Do as I say, not as I do" is an imperative sentence, as is "go!". [[Toki Pona]] marks the imperative with ''[[o]]''. Contrast [[#indicative|indicative]], [[#optative|optative]]. |
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;indicative<span id="Indicative" /><span id="indicative" /> |
;indicative<span id="Indicative" /><span id="indicative" /> |
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:A grammatical mood that describes a real or actual thing. The |
:A grammatical mood that describes a real or actual thing. "The cat is cute" is an example of an indicative sentence. Contrast [[#imperative|imperative]], [[#optative|optative]]. |
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;intransitive verb<span id="Intransitive Verb" /><span id="Intransitive verb" /><span id="intransitive verb" /> |
;intransitive verb<span id="Intransitive Verb" /><span id="Intransitive verb" /><span id="intransitive verb" /> |
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:A verb that cannot take a direct object. "Smile" is an intransitive verb: "the baby smiles." |
:A [[#verb|verb]] that cannot take a direct [[#object|object]]. "Smile" is an intransitive verb: "the baby smiles." Contrast [[#transitive verb|transitive verb]]. |
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==M== |
==M== |
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;modifier<span id="Modifier" /><span id="modifier" /> |
;modifier<span id="Modifier" /><span id="modifier" /> |
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:In [[ |
:In [[Toki Pona]] grammar, an [[#adjective|adjective]] or [[#adverb|adverb]]. Unlike English, Toki Pona never distinguishes these parts of speech; any word that can modify a [[#noun|noun]] can also modify a [[#verb|verb]], and vice versa. |
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==N== |
==N== |
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;noun<span id="Noun" /><span id="noun" /> |
;noun<span id="Noun" /><span id="noun" /> |
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:A word that names a person, place, or thing. "Fish" |
:A word that names a person, place, or thing. "Fish" and "tree" are common nouns; "Oklahoma" is a [[#proper noun|proper noun]]. |
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==O== |
==O== |
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;object<span id="Object" /><span id="object" /> |
;object<span id="Object" /><span id="object" /> |
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:The thing |
:The thing(s) to which the action of the sentence is done. In the sentence "you pet the dog," "the dog" is the direct object. |
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;optative<span id="Optative" /><span id="optative" /> |
;optative<span id="Optative" /><span id="optative" /> |
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:A grammatical mood that expresses a wish, hope, or desire. The |
:A grammatical mood that expresses a wish, hope, or desire. "The children should do their homework" is an example of an optative sentence. Contrast [[#indicative|indicative]], [[#optative|optative]]. |
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==P== |
==P== |
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;particle<span id="Particle" /><span id="particle" /> |
;particle<span id="Particle" /><span id="particle" /> |
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:A word |
:A word with no [[#semantic (value)|semantic]] meaning that marks the grammatical structure of a [[#sentence|sentence]]. ''[[li]]'', ''[[e]]'', and ''[[pi]]'' are examples of [[:Category:Particles|particles]] in toki pona. Contrast [[#content word|content word]]. |
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;predicate<span id="Predicate" /><span id="predicate" /> |
;predicate<span id="Predicate" /><span id="predicate" /> |
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:The part of |
:The part of a [[#sentence|sentence]] that includes a [[#verb|verb]] and sometimes [[#object|objects]]. In the sentence "The human looks at the tree", "looks at the tree" is the predicate. Contrast [[#subject|subject]]. |
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;preposition<span id="Preposition" /><span id="preposition" /> |
;preposition<span id="Preposition" /><span id="preposition" /> |
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:A word that describes a noun's relationship to the rest of the sentence in time or space. "After" and "beside" are examples of prepositions. Often the preposition and the noun it introduces are referred to as the "prepositional phrase." In the sentence "don't give coffee to infants," "to infants" is a prepositional phrase. |
:A word that describes a [[#noun|noun]]'s relationship to the rest of the [[#sentence|sentence]] in time or space. "After" and "beside" are examples of prepositions. Often the preposition and the noun it introduces are referred to as the "prepositional phrase." In the sentence "don't give coffee to infants," "to infants" is a prepositional phrase. |
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;preverb<span id="Preverb" /><span id="preverb" /> |
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:A [[#verb|verb]] that accompanies the main verb to make distinctions in grammatical mood or aspect; an auxiliary (helping) verb. |
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;proper noun<span id="Proper Noun" /><span id="Proper noun" /><span id="proper noun" /> |
;proper noun<span id="Proper Noun" /><span id="Proper noun" /><span id="proper noun" /> |
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:A noun that names a specific or definite thing. Personal names and names of places are usually proper nouns. "Preston", "Europe", and "Mount Everest" are examples of proper nouns. |
:A [[#noun|noun]] that names a specific or definite thing. Personal names and names of places are usually proper nouns. "Preston", "Europe", and "Mount Everest" are examples of proper nouns. |
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==S== |
==S== |
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;semantic (value)<span id="Semantic (Value)" /><span id="Semantic (value)" /><span id="semantic (value)" /> |
;semantic (value)<span id="Semantic (Value)" /><span id="Semantic (value)" /><span id="semantic (value)" /> |
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:The "meaning" of |
:The "meaning" of a word. Semantics is concerned with the possible alternative words that could occupy a single position in a sentence. Contrast [[#syntax|syntax]]. |
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;sentence<span id="Sentence" /><span id="sentence" /> |
;sentence<span id="Sentence" /><span id="sentence" /> |
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:A group of words that contain a subject and a predicate. "Dogs chase cats" is a sentence. "Apple pie" is not. |
:A group of words that contain a [[#subject|subject]] and a [[#predicate|predicate]]. "Dogs chase cats" is a sentence. "Apple pie" is not; it is a sentence fragment. |
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;subject<span id="Subject" /><span id="subject" /> |
;subject<span id="Subject" /><span id="subject" /> |
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:The main actor or actors in a sentence. In the sentence "I read the book," the word "I" is the subject. |
:The main actor or actors in a sentence. In the sentence "I read the book," the word "I" is the subject. Contrast [[#predicate|predicate]]. |
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;syntax<span id="Syntax" /><span id="syntax" /> |
;syntax<span id="Syntax" /><span id="syntax" /> |
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:The position of words in a sentence or phrase. Often words are categorized by the kinds of positions they can occupy in a sentence, or what words they can appear next to. |
:The position of words in a sentence or phrase. Often words are categorized by the kinds of positions they can occupy in a sentence, or what words they can appear next to. Contrast [[#semantic (value)|semantic (value)]]. |
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==T== |
==T== |
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;transitive verb<span id="Transitive Verb" /><span id="Transitive verb" /><span id="transitive verb" /> |
;transitive verb<span id="Transitive Verb" /><span id="Transitive verb" /><span id="transitive verb" /> |
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:A verb that takes a direct object. "Eat" |
:A [[#verb|verb]] that takes a direct [[#object|object]]. "Eat" can be a transitive verb: in "I eat the cookie", it takes the direct object "the cookie". Contrast [[#intransitive verb|intransitive verb]]. |
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==V== |
==V== |
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;vocative<span id="Vocative" /><span id="vocative" /> |
;vocative<span id="Vocative" /><span id="vocative" /> |
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:A form of a noun used to call to or address something or someone. In the phrase "hey you!", the word "you" is vocative. English does not distinguish vocative from non-vocative nouns, |
:A form of a [[#noun|noun]] used to call to or address something or someone. In the phrase "hey you!", the word "you" is vocative. [[Toki Pona]] marks the vocative with ''[[o]]''. English does not usually distinguish vocative from non-vocative nouns, aside from the archaic particle "O" as in "O Canada". |