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Natural semantic metalanguage: Difference between revisions
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(Created page with "'''Natural semantic metalanguage'''{{aside|'''NSM'''}} is a theory in {{w|linguistics}}. It claims that languages can be simplified into a core, universal set of ''{{w|semantic prime}}s'', connected with grammatical frames that have equivalents in all languages.<ref name="What is NSM">{{cite web|url=//intranet.secure.griffith.edu.au/schools-departments/natural-semantic-metalanguage/what-is-nsm|title=What is NSM|author=|username=|date=|website={{w|Griffith University}...") |
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'''Natural semantic metalanguage'''{{aside|'''NSM'''}} is a theory in {{w|linguistics}}. It claims that languages can be simplified into a core, universal set of ''{{w|semantic prime}}s'', connected with [[
[[Toki Pona]] speech can be compared to explications in NSM. Both tend to have a heavy focus on [[circumlocution]]. However, the [[semantic]]s of [[Toki Pona]] words are not quite as [[Minimalism|barebones]] as those of NSM primes, and some words cover multiple primes as a result.<ref name="Daniel">{{cite web|url=//storytotell.org/post/natural-semantic-metalanguage-and-toki-pona|url-status=unfit|title=Natural Semantic Metalanguage and Toki Pona|author=Daniel K Lyons|username=|date=Apr 27, 2017|website=Daniel’s blog|publisher=|archive-url=//web.archive.org/web/20190917194319/http://www.storytotell.org/post/natural-semantic-metalanguage-and-toki-pona/|archive-date=20190917|access-date=2024-04-24|quote=}}</ref> Meanwhile, Toki Pona interestingly lacks direct expressions of several semantic primes.<ref name="Daniel" /> Some are handled through [[grammatical]] [[particle]]s, or can be translated as short [[phrase]]s.<ref name="Perl">{{cite web|url=//www.perlmonks.org/index.pl?node_id=293159|title=<nowiki>[probably OT]</nowiki> Perl in Natural Semantic Metalanguage|author=|username=liz, simonm|date=Sep 22, 2003|website=PerlMonks|publisher=|access-date=2024-04-24|quote=}} (Copy: {{cite web|url=https://aiki.pbworks.com/w/page/1594812/TP%20semantic%20prime%20words|title=TP semantic prime words|author=|username=|date=March 1, 2009|website=Dave's wiki|publisher=PBworks|access-date=2024-04-24|quote=}})</ref> Others are much more technical to convey.
==Semantic primes==
The following table lists English<ref name="What is NSM" /> and [[Usage categories|core]] Toki Pona exponents of semantic primes. This may not indicate the grammar of NSM or Toki Pona. The prior art cited is not always accurate to the modern standard [[style]].
{|class="wikitable sortable"
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|rowspan="6"|Substantives
|I
|{{tp|[[mi]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|you
|{{tp|[[sina]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|someone
|rowspan="2"|{{tp|[[jan]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|people
|-
|(some)thing
|{{tp|[[ijo]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|body
|{{tp|[[sijelo]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|rowspan="2"|Relational substantives
Line 36 ⟶ 38:
|rowspan="3"|Determiners
|this
|{{tp|[[ni]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|the same
|{{tp|[[sama]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|other/else
|{{tp|[[ante]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|rowspan="6"|Quantifiers
|one
|{{tp|[[wan]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|two
|{{tp|[[tu]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|some
Line 55 ⟶ 57:
|-
|all
|{{tp|[[ale]]/[[ali]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|much/many
|{{tp|[[mute]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|little/few
|{{tp|([[mute]]) [[lili]]}}<ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|rowspan="2"|Evaluators
|good
|{{tp|[[pona]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|bad
|{{tp|[[ike]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|rowspan="2"|Descriptors
|big
|{{tp|[[suli]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|small
|{{tp|([[suli]]) [[lili]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|rowspan="6"|Mental predicates
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|-
|know
|{{tp|[[sona]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|want
|{{tp|[[wile]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|feel
|{{tp|[[pilin]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|see
|{{tp|[[lukin]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|hear
|{{tp|[[kute]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|rowspan="3"|Speech
|say
|{{tp|[[toki]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|words
|{{tp|[[nimi]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|true
|{{tp|[[lon]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|rowspan="3"|Actions, events, movement
Line 112 ⟶ 114:
|happen
|-
|move
|{{tp|[[tawa]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|rowspan="3"|Location, existence, specification
|be (somewhere)
|rowspan="2"|{{tp|[[lon]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|there is
|-
|be (someone/something)
|{{N/A|Any [[noun]] [[Part-of-speech roles|used after]] {{tp|[[li]]}}<ref name="Daniel" /><br />({{tp|[[jan]]}}, {{tp|[[ijo]]}}, etc.)}}
|-
|Possession
|(is) mine
|{{tp|([[ijo]]/[[jo]]) [[mi]]}}<ref>{{cite ku|123}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|Life and death
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|-
|die
|{{tp|[[moli]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|rowspan="8"|[[Time]]
|when/time
|{{tp|[[tenpo]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|now
Line 147 ⟶ 150:
|-
|a long time
|{{tp|[[tenpo]] [[suli]]}}<ref name="Perl" />
|-
|a short time
|{{tp|[[tenpo]] [[lili]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|for some time
Line 156 ⟶ 159:
|-
|moment
|{{tp|[[tenpo]]}}<ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|rowspan="9"|Space
|where/place
|{{tp|[[ma]]}}<ref name="Perl" />
|-
|here
Line 166 ⟶ 169:
|-
|above
|{{tp|([[lon]]) [[sewi]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|below
|{{tp|([[lon]]) [[anpa]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|far
|{{tp|([[lon]]) [[weka]]}}<ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|near
|{{tp|([[lon]]) [[poka]]}}<ref name="Perl" />
|-
|side
|{{tp|[[poka]]}}<ref name="Perl" />
|-
|inside
|{{tp|[[insa]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|touch
|{{tp|[[pilin]]}}<ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|rowspan="5"|Logical concepts
|not
|{{tp|[[ala]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|maybe
|{{tp|([[
|-
|can
|{{tp|[[ken]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|because
|{{tp|[[tan]] ([[ni]]:)}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" />
|-
|if
|{{tp|[[la]]<ref name="Daniel" /> / [[lon]] [[ni]]:}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|Intensifier, augmentor
|very
|{{tp|[[mute]]<ref name="Perl" />/[[suli]]/[[a]]}}
|-
|more
Line 211 ⟶ 214:
|Similarity
|like/as/way
|{{tp|[[sama]]<ref>{{cite ku|116}}</ref>/[[nasin]]<ref name="Daniel" />}}
|}
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