Natural semantic metalanguage: Difference between revisions
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*{{cite web|url=//www.perlmonks.org/index.pl?node_id=293159|title=<nowiki>[probably OT]</nowiki> Perl in Natural Semantic Metalanguage|author=|username=liz|date=Sep 22, 2003|website=PerlMonks|publisher=|access-date=2024-04-24|quote=}} |
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*{{cite web|url=https://aiki.pbworks.com/w/page/1594812/TP%20semantic%20prime%20words|title=TP semantic prime words|author=|username=|date=March 1, 2009|website=Dave's wiki|publisher=PBworks|access-date=2024-04-24|quote=}} |
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*{{cite web|url=//storytotell.org/post/natural-semantic-metalanguage-and-toki-pona|url-status=unfit|title=Natural Semantic Metalanguage and Toki Pona|author=Daniel K Lyons|username=|date=Apr 27, 2017|website=Daniel’s blog|publisher=|archive-url=//web.archive.org/web/20190917194319/http://www.storytotell.org/post/natural-semantic-metalanguage-and-toki-pona/|archive-date=20190917|access-date=2024-04-24|quote=}} |
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'''Natural semantic metalanguage'''{{aside|'''NSM'''}} is a theory in {{w|linguistics}}. It claims that languages can be simplified into a core, universal set of ''{{w|semantic prime}}s'', connected with [[syntactic]] frames that have equivalents in all languages.<ref name="What is NSM">{{cite web|url=//intranet.secure.griffith.edu.au/schools-departments/natural-semantic-metalanguage/what-is-nsm|title=What is NSM|author=|username=|date=|website={{w|Griffith University}}|publisher=|access-date=2024-04-17|quote=}}</ref> |
'''Natural semantic metalanguage'''{{aside|'''NSM'''}} is a theory in {{w|linguistics}}. It claims that languages can be simplified into a core, universal set of ''{{w|semantic prime}}s'', connected with [[syntactic]] frames that have equivalents in all languages.<ref name="What is NSM">{{cite web|url=//intranet.secure.griffith.edu.au/schools-departments/natural-semantic-metalanguage/what-is-nsm|title=What is NSM|author=|username=|date=|website={{w|Griffith University}}|publisher=|access-date=2024-04-17|quote=}}</ref> |
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[[Toki Pona]] speech can be compared to explications in NSM. Both tend to have a heavy focus on [[circumlocution]]. However, the [[semantic]]s of [[Toki Pona]] words are not quite as [[Minimalism|barebones]] as those of NSM primes. Meanwhile, Toki Pona interestingly lacks direct expressions of several semantic primes. Some are handled through [[grammatical]] [[particle]]s. Others are much more technical to convey. |
[[Toki Pona]] speech can be compared to explications in NSM. Both tend to have a heavy focus on [[circumlocution]]. However, the [[semantic]]s of [[Toki Pona]] words are not quite as [[Minimalism|barebones]] as those of NSM primes, and some words cover multiple primes as a result.<ref name="Daniel">{{cite web|url=//storytotell.org/post/natural-semantic-metalanguage-and-toki-pona|url-status=unfit|title=Natural Semantic Metalanguage and Toki Pona|author=Daniel K Lyons|username=|date=Apr 27, 2017|website=Daniel’s blog|publisher=|archive-url=//web.archive.org/web/20190917194319/http://www.storytotell.org/post/natural-semantic-metalanguage-and-toki-pona/|archive-date=20190917|access-date=2024-04-24|quote=}}</ref> Meanwhile, Toki Pona interestingly lacks direct expressions of several semantic primes.<ref name="Daniel" /> Some are handled through [[grammatical]] [[particle]]s, or can be translated as short [[phrase]]s.<ref name="Perl">{{cite web|url=//www.perlmonks.org/index.pl?node_id=293159|title=<nowiki>[probably OT]</nowiki> Perl in Natural Semantic Metalanguage|author=|username=liz, simonm|date=Sep 22, 2003|website=PerlMonks|publisher=|access-date=2024-04-24|quote=}} (Copy: {{cite web|url=https://aiki.pbworks.com/w/page/1594812/TP%20semantic%20prime%20words|title=TP semantic prime words|author=|username=|date=March 1, 2009|website=Dave's wiki|publisher=PBworks|access-date=2024-04-24|quote=}})</ref> Others are much more technical to convey. |
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==Semantic primes== |
==Semantic primes== |
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The following table lists English<ref name="What is NSM" /> and [[Usage categories|core]] Toki Pona exponents of semantic primes. |
The following table lists English<ref name="What is NSM" /> and [[Usage categories|core]] Toki Pona exponents of semantic primes. This may not indicate the grammar of NSM or Toki Pona. The prior art cited is not always accurate to the modern standard [[style]]. |
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{|class="wikitable sortable" |
{|class="wikitable sortable" |
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|rowspan="6"|Substantives |
|rowspan="6"|Substantives |
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|I |
|I |
||
|{{tp|[[mi]]}} |
|{{tp|[[mi]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
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|- |
|- |
||
|you |
|you |
||
|{{tp|[[sina]]}} |
|{{tp|[[sina]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|someone |
|someone |
||
|rowspan="2"|{{tp|[[jan]]}} |
|rowspan="2"|{{tp|[[jan]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
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|- |
|- |
||
|people |
|people |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|(some)thing |
|(some)thing |
||
|{{tp|[[ijo]]}} |
|{{tp|[[ijo]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
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|- |
|- |
||
|body |
|body |
||
|{{tp|[[sijelo]]}} |
|{{tp|[[sijelo]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
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|- |
|- |
||
|rowspan="2"|Relational substantives |
|rowspan="2"|Relational substantives |
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Line 43: | Line 38: | ||
|rowspan="3"|Determiners |
|rowspan="3"|Determiners |
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|this |
|this |
||
|{{tp|[[ni]]}} |
|{{tp|[[ni]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
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|- |
|- |
||
|the same |
|the same |
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|{{tp|[[sama]]}} |
|{{tp|[[sama]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
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|- |
|- |
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|other/else |
|other/else |
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|{{tp|[[ante]]}} |
|{{tp|[[ante]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
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|- |
|- |
||
|rowspan="6"|Quantifiers |
|rowspan="6"|Quantifiers |
||
|one |
|one |
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|{{tp|[[wan]]}} |
|{{tp|[[wan]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
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|- |
|- |
||
|two |
|two |
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|{{tp|[[tu]]}} |
|{{tp|[[tu]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
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|- |
|- |
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|some |
|some |
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Line 62: | Line 57: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|all |
|all |
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|{{tp|[[ale]]}} |
|{{tp|[[ale]]/[[ali]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
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|- |
|- |
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|much/many |
|much/many |
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|{{tp|[[mute]]}} |
|{{tp|[[mute]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
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|- |
|- |
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|little/few |
|little/few |
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|{{tp|([[mute]]) [[lili]]}} |
|{{tp|([[mute]]) [[lili]]}}<ref name="Daniel" /> |
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|- |
|- |
||
|rowspan="2"|Evaluators |
|rowspan="2"|Evaluators |
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|good |
|good |
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|{{tp|[[pona]]}} |
|{{tp|[[pona]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
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|- |
|- |
||
|bad |
|bad |
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|{{tp|[[ike]]}} |
|{{tp|[[ike]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
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|- |
|- |
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|rowspan="2"|Descriptors |
|rowspan="2"|Descriptors |
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|big |
|big |
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|{{tp|[[suli]]}} |
|{{tp|[[suli]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
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|- |
|- |
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|small |
|small |
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|{{tp|([[suli]]) [[lili]]}} |
|{{tp|([[suli]]) [[lili]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
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|- |
|- |
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|rowspan="6"|Mental predicates |
|rowspan="6"|Mental predicates |
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|- |
|- |
||
|know |
|know |
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|{{tp|[[sona]]}} |
|{{tp|[[sona]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
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|- |
|- |
||
|want |
|want |
||
|{{tp|[[wile]]}} |
|{{tp|[[wile]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
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|- |
|- |
||
|feel |
|feel |
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|{{tp|[[pilin]]}} |
|{{tp|[[pilin]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
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|- |
|- |
||
|see |
|see |
||
|{{tp|[[lukin]]}} |
|{{tp|[[lukin]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|hear |
|hear |
||
|{{tp|[[kute]]}} |
|{{tp|[[kute]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
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|- |
|- |
||
|rowspan="3"|Speech |
|rowspan="3"|Speech |
||
|say |
|say |
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|{{tp|[[toki]]}} |
|{{tp|[[toki]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
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|- |
|- |
||
|words |
|words |
||
|{{tp|[[nimi]]}} |
|{{tp|[[nimi]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
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|- |
|- |
||
|true |
|true |
||
|{{tp|[[lon]]}} |
|{{tp|[[lon]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|rowspan="3"|Actions, events, movement |
|rowspan="3"|Actions, events, movement |
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|- |
|- |
||
|move |
|move |
||
|{{tp|[[tawa]]}} |
|{{tp|[[tawa]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
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|- |
|- |
||
|rowspan="3"|Location, existence, specification |
|rowspan="3"|Location, existence, specification |
||
|be (somewhere) |
|be (somewhere) |
||
|rowspan="2"|{{tp|[[lon]]}} |
|rowspan="2"|{{tp|[[lon]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|there is |
|there is |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|be (someone/something) |
|be (someone/something) |
||
|{{N/A|Any [[noun]] [[Part-of-speech roles|used after]] {{tp|[[li]]}}<br />({{tp|[[jan]]}}, {{tp|[[ijo]]}}, etc.)}} |
|{{N/A|Any [[noun]] [[Part-of-speech roles|used after]] {{tp|[[li]]}}<ref name="Daniel" /><br />({{tp|[[jan]]}}, {{tp|[[ijo]]}}, etc.)}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|Possession |
|Possession |
||
|(is) mine |
|(is) mine |
||
|{{tp|([[jo]]) [[mi]]}} |
|{{tp|([[ijo]]/[[jo]]) [[mi]]}}<ref>{{cite ku|123}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|rowspan="2"|Life and death |
|rowspan="2"|Life and death |
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Line 140: | Line 135: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|die |
|die |
||
|{{tp|[[moli]]}} |
|{{tp|[[moli]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|rowspan="8"|[[Time]] |
|rowspan="8"|[[Time]] |
||
|when/time |
|when/time |
||
|{{tp|[[tenpo]]}} |
|{{tp|[[tenpo]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|now |
|now |
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Line 155: | Line 150: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|a long time |
|a long time |
||
|{{tp|[[tenpo]] [[suli]]}} |
|{{tp|[[tenpo]] [[suli]]}}<ref name="Perl" /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|a short time |
|a short time |
||
|{{tp|[[tenpo]] [[lili]]}} |
|{{tp|[[tenpo]] [[lili]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|for some time |
|for some time |
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Line 164: | Line 159: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|moment |
|moment |
||
|{{tp|[[tenpo]]}} |
|{{tp|[[tenpo]]}}<ref name="Daniel" /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|rowspan="9"|Space |
|rowspan="9"|Space |
||
|where/place |
|where/place |
||
|{{tp|[[ma]]}} |
|{{tp|[[ma]]}}<ref name="Perl" /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|here |
|here |
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Line 174: | Line 169: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|above |
|above |
||
|{{tp|[[lon]] [[sewi]]}} |
|{{tp|([[lon]]) [[sewi]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|below |
|below |
||
|{{tp|[[lon]] [[anpa]]}} |
|{{tp|([[lon]]) [[anpa]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|far |
|far |
||
|{{tp|([[lon]]) [[weka]]}} |
|{{tp|([[lon]]) [[weka]]}}<ref name="Daniel" /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|near |
|near |
||
|{{tp|[[lon]] [[poka]]}} |
|{{tp|([[lon]]) [[poka]]}}<ref name="Perl" /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|side |
|side |
||
|{{tp|[[poka]]}} |
|{{tp|[[poka]]}}<ref name="Perl" /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|inside |
|inside |
||
|{{tp|[[insa]]}} |
|{{tp|[[insa]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|touch |
|touch |
||
|{{tp|[[pilin]]}} |
|{{tp|[[pilin]]}}<ref name="Daniel" /> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|rowspan="5"|Logical concepts |
|rowspan="5"|Logical concepts |
||
|not |
|not |
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|{{tp|[[ala]]}} |
|{{tp|[[ala]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
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|- |
|- |
||
|maybe |
|maybe |
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|{{tp|([[lon]]) [[ken]] ([[la]])}} |
|{{tp|([[lon]]) [[ken]] ([[la]])}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
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|- |
|- |
||
|can |
|can |
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|{{tp|[[ken]]}} |
|{{tp|[[ken]]}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
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|- |
|- |
||
|because |
|because |
||
|{{tp|[[tan]] ([[ni]]:)}} |
|{{tp|[[tan]] ([[ni]]:)}}<ref name="Perl" /><ref name="Daniel" /> |
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|- |
|- |
||
|if |
|if |
||
|{{tp|[[la]] / [[lon]] [[ni]]:}} |
|{{tp|[[la]]<ref name="Daniel" /> / [[lon]] [[ni]]:}} |
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|- |
|- |
||
|rowspan="2"|Intensifier, augmentor |
|rowspan="2"|Intensifier, augmentor |
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|very |
|very |
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|{{tp|[[mute]]/[[suli]]/[[a]]}} |
|{{tp|[[mute]]<ref name="Perl" />/[[suli]]/[[a]]}} |
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|- |
|- |
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|more |
|more |
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Line 219: | Line 214: | ||
|Similarity |
|Similarity |
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|like/as/way |
|like/as/way |
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|{{tp|[[sama]]/[[nasin]]}} |
|{{tp|[[sama]]<ref>{{cite ku|116}}</ref>/[[nasin]]<ref name="Daniel" />}} |
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|} |
|} |
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