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Line 1: {{Short description\|Words with grammatical function and no meaning}} ~~In [[Toki Pona]] grammar, a {{wp\|Grammatical particle\|'''particle'''}} is a word with no [[semantic (value)\|semantic]] meaning that marks the grammatical structure of a [[sentence]].~~ {{Wikipedia\|grammatical particle\|particle}} In [[Toki Pona]] [[grammar]], a '''particle''' is a word with no [[semantic value\|semantic meaning]] that marks the grammatical structure of a [[sentence]]. Particles are crucial to forming understandable sentences. {{tp\|[[li]]}}, {{tp\|[[e]]}}, {{tp\|[[o]]}}, and {{tp\|[[la]]}} are taught in that order in {{pu\|en}}<ref>{{cite pu}}</ref> and many other [[resources]]. Particles can be one of the main challenges of adapting from English to Toki Pona grammar. However, the concept is [[Toki Pona is not exceptional\|not unique to Toki Pona]]; many natural languages have grammatical particles. ~~Particles are crucial to forming understandable sentences. ''[[li]]'', ''[[e]]'', ''[[o]]'', and ''[[la]]'' are generally taught in that order.~~ ==''{{tp\|pu''}}== These ''{{tp\|[[nimi pu]]''}} are particles: ===Sentence-structuring=== {\|class="wikitable" !Particle !Follows !Introduces \|- !{{tp\|[[e]]}} \| A [[predicate]] [[phrase]] (which becomes [[transitive]]) Another [[direct object]] \|A [[direct object]] \|- * ''!{{tp\|[[en]]''}}▼ \|A [[subject]] \|Another [[subject]] \|- * ''!{{tp\|[[la]]''}}▼ \|A context phrase or [[clause]] \|The main [[clause]] \|- * ''!{{tp\|[[li]]''}}▼ \| The subject<br />(unless there is only one, and it is only {{tp\|[[mi]]}} or only {{tp\|[[sina]]}}) Another predicate \|A [[predicate]] \|- !{{tp\|[[o]]}} \| A [[subject]] being addressed Another [[predicate]] \|The [[predicate]] of a command or hope \|- * ''!{{tp\|[[pi]]''}}▼ \|A [[phrase]] \|A multi-word [[modifier]] [[phrase]] \|} ===Other=== <div style="column-count:4;"> * ''{{tp\|[[a]]''}} * ''{{tp\|[[ala]]''}}<ref group="lower-alpha" name="some">Some ~~people~~speakers treat this particle as a content word.</ref> * ''{{tp\|[[anu]]''}}<ref group="lower-alpha" name="some"/> * ''{{tp\|[[kin]]''}}<ref group="lower-alpha" name="some"/>▼ * ''[[e]]''▼ * {{tp\|[[mu]]}}<ref group="lower-alpha" name="pu_mixed">{{pu}} defines this as a particle, but also uses it as a content word.</ref> ▲* ''[[en]]'' ▲* ''{{tp\|[[en]]''}} ▲* ''[[kin]]''<ref name="some"/> * ''{{tp\|[[taso]]''}}<ref group="lower-alpha" name="some"/>▼ ▲* ''[[la]]'' ▲* ''[[li]]'' * ''[[mu]]''<ref name="pu">''[[pu]]'' treats this as a content word.</ref> * ''[[n]]'' * ''[[o]]'' ▲* ''[[pi]]'' ▲* ''[[taso]]''<ref name="some"/> </div> ==Nonstandard== {{Start section\|Nonstandard}} These ''{{tp\|[[~~nimisin~~nimi sin]]''}} are particles: <div style="column-count:4;"> * ''{{tp\|[[jaalu]]''}} * ''{{tp\|[[loja]]''}} * ''{{tp\|[[taki]]''}} * {{tp\|[[lo]]}} * ''[[te/to]]''<ref name="some" />▼ * [[su (particle)\|{{tp\|su}}]] (particle) * ''[[wa]]''<ref name="some"/>▼ * {{tp\|[[ta]]}} ▲* ''{{tp\|[[te/to]]''}}<ref group="lower-alpha" name="some" /> ▲* ''{{tp\|[[wa]]''}}<ref group="lower-alpha" name="some"/> * [[we (particle)\|{{tp\|we}}]] (particle) </div> {{End section}} ==Notes== <references group="lower-alpha" /> ==References== <references /> {{Words}} [[Category:Parts of speech]] [[Category:Particles\| ]]