Phonotactics: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
No edit summary Tag: Reverted |
m →Morae: pana a tenpo tawa linluwi |
||
| (8 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown) | |||
Line 2:
==Rules==
In the lesson "Proper Names", {{pu}} lists the phonotactic rules of Toki Pona in the following order:<ref>{{cite pu|37}}</ref>
# '''(C)V({{tp|n}}) syllable structure''': "Each syllable consists of a consonant plus a vowel, plus an optional {{tp|n}}."
# '''Null onset is word-initial only''': "The first syllable of a word does not need to begin with a consonant." {{Indent|As a corollary, every syllable after the first <em>does</em> need to begin with a consonant, thus is CV({{tp|n}}). There are no adjacent vowels or {{wp|diphthong}}s. The sequence {{tp|ana}} is syllabified as {{tp|a‧na}} (2 morae), not {{tp|an‧a}} (3 morae), following the maximal onset principle.}}
# '''No {{tp|*ti}}''': "The syllables {{tp|*ti}} and {{tp|*tin}} become {{tp|si}} and {{tp|sin}}." {{Indent|This rule concerns [[#Palatalization|palatalization]].}}
# '''No {{tp|*wo}} or {{tp|*wu}}''': "The consonant {{tp|w}} cannot appear before {{tp|o}} or {{tp|u}}."
Line 16 ⟶ 15:
===Coda nasal===
The '''coda nasal''' or '''moraic nasal''' is an {{w|archiphoneme}} of syllable-final {{tp|-n}}, sometimes transcribed as '''{{IPA|/N/}}''' and realized as {{IPA|[<nowiki />{{w|Bilabial nasal|m}} ~ {{w|Alveolar nasal|n}} ~ {{w|Palatal nasal|ɲ}} ~ {{w|Velar nasal|ŋ}}<nowiki />]}} depending on context. It can {{w|Assimilation (phonology)|assimilate}} to the {{w|place of articulation}} of the following consonant.
The '''coda nasal''' or '''moraic nasal''' is an {{w|archiphoneme}}, that is an underspecificied {{wp|phoneme}}, written as {{IPA|/N/}} and realized as {{IPA|[m ~ n ~ ɲ ~ ŋ]}} depending on context. It undergoes {{w|Assimilation (phonology)|assimilation}}, that is it gets more similar to the following consonant, in words such as {{tp|[[anpa]]}}, which may be pronounced as {{IPA|[ˈampa]}}; {{tp|[[Sonko]]}} (the name for {{w|China}}), which may be pronounced as {{IPA|[ˈsoŋko]}}; and {{tp|[[linja]]}}, which may be pronounced as {{IPA|['liɲja]}}.<ref>{{cite Discord|url=https://discord.com/channels/301377942062366741/828474497865744444/1160900495838294136|name={{tok|jan Juwan}}|username=juwan.|message-type=Informal poll|channel={{tok|sona-kulupu}}|server={{tp|ma pona pi toki pona}}|quote=how do you pronounce 'linja'? (multiple answers are fine)"|access-date=12 October 2023}}▼
▲
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
! Option
Line 36 ⟶ 37:
| 4
|}
</ref> and {{tp|ma [[Sonko]]}} (a [[place name]] for {{w|China}}) may be pronounced as {{IPA|[ma ˈso<mark>ŋk</mark>o]}}.
Other speakers try to carefully pronounce the coda nasal as its written value {{IPA|[n]}}, just like {{tp|n-}} at the start of a syllable. This is not always consistent between all words, or all instances of pronouncing them, and assimilation is more common in rapid speech.
===Palatalization===
The syllable {{tp|*ti}} is disallowed because of '''{{
As the phoneme {{IPA|/k/}} can also be palatalized, many languages merge {{IPA|[ki ti si]}}. There are no minimal pairs between {{tp|ki}} and {{tp|si}} in the 120 {{tp|[[nimi pu]]}} and among all [[ijo Linku#Word usage surveys|commonly used words]], except for the word {{tp|kin}} which
==={{tp|wuwojiti}}===
Line 78 ⟶ 81:
'''Notes:'''
<references group="lower-roman"/>
{{tp|wuwojiti}} also inspired {{a category|wawajete}}, self-demonstrating content word, {{tp|[[wawajete]]}}, which relates to acts that appear to break rules despite not actually breaking them.
==Syllables==
The following chart shows all 92
▲The following chart shows all 92 syllables under Toki Pona phonotactics. Despite that all of these syallbles are hypothetically possible, only 68 of these are used in the {{tp|[[nimi pu]]}}. Additionally, 4 marginal syllables are used in {{tp|[[nimi ku suli]]}} and 3 more in the {{tp|[[nimi ku lili]]}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://media.discordapp.net/attachments/340307145373253642/910477232810647572/unknown.png|title=Every toki pona syllable|website=Discord|author={{tok|jan Talija}}|username=@nehemiagurl|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113191511/https://media.discordapp.net/attachments/340307145373253642/910477232810647572/unknown.png|archive-date=2023-11-13}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align: center;"
Line 239 ⟶ 243:
==Morae==
The moraic analysis is an alternative phonological analysis in which the basic unit of timing is the {{w|mora (linguistics)|Mora}} as opposed to syllables. A mora in Toki Pona, similar to {{w|Latin phonology|Latin}} or {{w|On (Japanese prosody)|Japanese}}, may either be a:
* single vowel (V)
| |||