Preverb marking: Difference between revisions
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{{Experimental}}
'''Preverb marking''' is a set of experimental {{tp|[[nasin (meta)|nasin]]}}s, which explicitly separate the [[preverb]] of a sentence from the [[predicate]], often with the use of {{tp|[[nimi sin]]}}. The words '''{{tp|
The syntax of each of the preverb-marking methods is identical when a sentence has a single preverb. The methods diverge when multiple preverbs are involved, with {{tp|ja}} requiring the particle to be repeated, whereas {{tp|ta}} can mark multiple preverbs at once. The
=={{tp|ni}}==
{{nimi|ni}}
The use of '''{{tp|ni}}''' as a preverb marker was developed by {{tok|jan Tepo}} in May 2021.<ref>{{cite Discord|url=https://discord.com/channels/301377942062366741/375591429608570881/839587472216162364|channel=sona-musi|server=ma pona pi toki pona|author=jan Tepo|username=tbodt|access-date=2024-03-12|quote=what if ni. mi wile ni moku. huh I kinda like this (...) actually I like this a lot because it's like you just elided the colon. i'm pretty sure A li preverb B e C generally means A li preverb ni: A li B e C, but the subject is shared so you want to elide it}}</ref>
This was designed as a simple abbreviation of existing constructs rather than completely new grammar. In a statement like "{{tp|mi P V e ijo}}", the meaning is as if the phrase "{{tp|V e ijo}}" was a modifier on the preverb P. This means the meaning would be equivalent to "{{tp|mi P ni: mi V e ijo}}". The "hidden" ni here could then be written out to serve as a preverb marker.
jan Tepo later learned that the word "co" in Lojban works exactly like this, semantically and syntactically, and suggested loaning it as '''{{tp|so}}''' as a synonym for this usage of {{tp|ni}}.
{{clear}}▼
=={{tp|ja}}==
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'''{{tp|ja}}''' was coined in July 2021 by a group of people, most notably {{tok|wuwojiti Haev}}, {{tok|[[jan Pensa]]}} and {{tok|jan Kita}}.<ref>{{cite Discord|url=https://discord.com/channels/301377942062366741/870019569866145812/870019571317342238|channel=sona-mus|thread=nimisin for marking preverbs|server=ma pona pi toki pona|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref> It was made to allow experimental preverbs to be used without ambiguity.
=== Syntax ===
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|mi <mark>tawa ja</mark> telo e kasi.
|I'm <mark>going (in order) to</mark> water the plants.
|3=mi <mark>tawa<span style="display:inline-block;transform:scaleX(-1);">lo</span></mark>telo e kasi}}
{{Example
|mi <mark>open ja</mark> <mark>olin ja</mark> telo e kasi.
|I'm <mark>starting to</mark> <mark>love</mark> watering the plants.
|3=mi <mark>open <span style="display:inline-block;transform:scaleX(-1);">lo</span></mark> <mark>olin <span style="display:inline-block;transform:scaleX(-1);">lo</span></mark>telo e kasi}}
{{tp|ja}} allows unambiguous [[modifiers|modification]] of preverbs by putting multiple [[content words]] before it.
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|mi <mark>wile mute ja</mark> sona e ni
|I <mark>really want</mark> to know this.
|3=mi <mark>wile mute <span style="display:inline-block;transform:scaleX(-1);">lo</span></mark>sona e ni}}
Well-established preverbs can be marked with {{tp|ja}} for clarification, but this is not required. When using well-established preverbs in the same sentence, all preverbs before the last {{tp|ja}} should be marked by {{tp|ja}} to avoid ambiguity, but preverbs after the last {{tp|ja}} can remain unmarked.
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|mi pali e ni <mark>lo kepeken wawa ja</mark> luka mi.
|I made this <mark>by using</mark> my hands <mark>with a lot of force</mark>.
|3=mi pali e ni <mark>lo kepeken wawa <span style="display:inline-block;transform:scaleX(-1);">lo</span></mark>luka mi}}
{{Example
|soko li <mark>lo ante mute ja</mark> leko.
|Mushrooms are <mark>very different from</mark> squares.
|3=soko li <mark>lo ante mute <span style="display:inline-block;transform:scaleX(-1);">lo</span></mark>leko}}
=== Semantics ===
The meanings of preverbs marked by {{tp|ja}} are not explicitly defined. It was meant to work with already proposed experimental preverbs rather than being used as a regular method to create new preverbs. However, it can also be used with any system of regular preverb derivation, including the ones proposed for {{tp|ta}} and {{tp|ni}}.
=== {{tp|sitelen pona}} ===
▲{{clear}}
A proposed {{tp|[[sitelen pona]]}} glyph for {{tp|ja}} (<span style="display:inline-block;transform:scaleX(-1);">{{sp|lo}}</span>) depicts a rightwards arrow from a vertical bar, similar to a {{w|maplet arrow}} (↦). It is the mirror image of an earlier glyph for {{tp|[[lo]]}} ({{sp|lo}}). It was proposed by jan Pensa in 2024.<ref>{{cite Discord|url=https://discord.com/channels/948448338662010910/951966419283742750/1217103621410521248|channel=sitelen-pona-discussion|server=ma pi nasin sitelen|author=[[jan Pensa]]|username=jpensa|access-date=2024-04-09|quote=I just had an idea for a new (obscure) glyph: Since ja (preverb marker) was designed to work together with lo (preposition marker), why not make it the mirror image of the lo glyph?}}</ref>
=={{tp|ta}}==
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}}
'''{{tp|ta}}''' was
Coincidentally, {{tok|jan Kita}} also offhandedly suggested {{tp|ta}} as a preverb-marking particle in February 2021,<ref>{{cite Discord|url=https://discord.com/channels/301377942062366741/375591429608570881/813515031429120012|channel=sona-musi|server=ma pona pi toki pona|author=jan Kita|username=.hecko|access-date=2024-03-12}}<blockquote>
<code>lu</code> but for preverbs, let's say <code>ta</code><br />
probably not very useful but idk
mi lukin pona e sina - i see you well<br />
mi lukin ta pona e sina - i try to fix you<br />
mi usawi ta kiwen e sina - i magically turn you into stone (tan @lipamanka#6684)
i swear this is not a calque of <code>ta</code> it's just how the examples ended up being <br />
(the fact that i couldn't think of any preverbable words shows how non-useful this probably is)
</blockquote></ref> but this has no relation to the 2023 version of {{tp|ta}}.
=== Syntax ===
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}}
=== {{tp|
The {{tp|[[sitelen pona]]}} glyph for {{tp|ta}} ({{sp|ta}}) looks like the mirror image of the uppercase letter {{w|sigma}} (Σ). It was created by the keyring system, who often write it as an [[extended glyph]], with both horizonal lines extending leftwards.<ref>{{cite Discord|url=https://discord.com/channels/301377942062366741/1053850152932233266/1072543870660923473|channel=toki-suli|thread=linja lipamanka|server=ma pona pi toki pona|author=keyring system|username=kupikoni|access-date=2024-04-09|quote=for our ta glyph, we often write it extended like this.}}</ref>
▲For example, "{{tp|mi utala ni toki e ijo}}" is meant as an abbreviation of "{{tp|mi utala ni: mi toki e ijo}}," which means the same as "{{tp|mi toki e ijo. ni li utala.}}"<ref>{{cite Discord|url=https://discord.com/channels/301377942062366741/1134994249021136916/1135073218496053378|channel=toki-suli|server=ma pona pi toki pona|author=jan Tepo|username=tbodt|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref>
==External links==
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