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{{nimi
| image = 2021-11-06 Bornumer Holz 01.JPG
| PoS = particle
}}
'''{{tp|anu}}''' is a [[particle]] used to indicate alternatives, corresponding with the English {{w|conjunction}}s ''or'' ({{w|exclusive disjunction}}) and ''and/or'' ({{w|inclusive disjunction}}).
==Function==
===Tag questions===
{{Main|Questions}}
The particle {{tp|anu}} is most commonly used in the phrase {{tp|anu seme}} to form {{w|tag question}}s.{{citation needed|reason=This is true, but to be demonstrated would require a precise statistical analysis.}} This literally means "or what?" and it is one of two ways to form {{w|yes-or-no questions}} in Toki Pona.
{{Example
|ona li jan pona <mark>anu seme?</mark>
|They are a good person, aren't they?<br/>Are they a good person?
|ona li jan-pona <mark>anu seme</mark>
}}
===Disjunction===
{{tp|anu}} is used to indicate an alternative among multiple things, either as a question or a statement. It replaces other particles ({{tp|[[en]]}}, {{tp|[[li]]}}, {{tp|[[e]]}}) or any [[preposition]], as when repeating them to introduce another [[subject]], [[predicate]], or [[object]]. For example:
Introducing another subject:
{{Example
|sina <mark>anu</mark> jan sina li jo e jaki Mesotelijoma la sina ken kama jo e mani mute.<ref>{{cite YouTube|date=2023-04-08|id=8JygA930ydc|title=jaki Mesotelijoma|trans-title=Mesothelioma|lang=tok|author={{tok|jan Salo}}|channel=Syro33|handle=syro33|access-date=2024-02-07}}</ref>
|If you or someone you're related to has mesothelioma, you can receive a lot of money.<br>
If you or a loved one was diagnosed with mesothelioma, you may be entitled to financial compensation.
|sina <mark>anu </mark> jan sina li jo e jaki [mi en sina o tawa esun lili insa jaki o moli a] la sina ken kama jo e mani mute
}}
Introducing another predicate:
{{Example
|toki pona li nasin toki suli <mark>anu</mark> toki lili suwi taso?<ref>{{cite web|website=lipu tenpo|author=jan Telakoman|date=2021|url=https://wikisource.org/wiki/Lipu_tenpo/nanpa_akesi|title=lipu tenpo o kama pona!|urldate=2024-02-06}}</ref>
|Is Toki Pona a serious way of speaking or just a cute little language?
|toki-pona li nasin toki suli <mark>anu </mark> toki lili suwi taso
}}
Introducing another direct object:
{{Example
|ona li kama e pilin ike <mark>anu</mark> pilin pona la ni li suli ala.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tokipona.org/sitata/|title=jan Sitata|author=Herman Hesse, tr. jan Kala|website=toki.pona.org|date=2022}}</ref>
|Whether it brings pain or pleasure, this is unimportant.<br/>
It doesn't matter whether it brings pain or pleasure.
|ona li kama e pilin-ike <mark>anu </mark> pilin-pona la ni li suli ala
}}
Introducing another prepositional phrase:
{{Example
|jan li ken musi e ona kepeken toki Inli <mark>anu</mark> toki Nijon <mark>anu</mark> toki Kanse <mark>anu</mark> toki Epanja... <mark>anu</mark> toki pona kin a!<ref>{{cite web|title=musi pi alasa sona|author=jan Ke Tami|date=2021|website=lipu tenpo|url=https://wikisource.org/wiki/Lipu_tenpo/nanpa_toki|urldate=2024-02-06}}</ref>
|Folks can play it in English, or in Japanese, or in French, or in Spanish... or even in Toki Pona!
|jan li ken musi e ona kepeken toki [INLI] <mark>anu </mark> toki [NIJON] <mark>anu </mark> toki [KANSE] <mark>anu </mark> toki [EPANJA]. . . <mark>anu </mark> toki-pona kin a
}}
Introducing another modifier:
{{Example
|jan li wile sona e ni taso: ijo ala <mark>anu</mark> wan <mark>anu</mark> tu <mark>anu</mark> mute li lon?<ref>{{cite web|author=jan Kita|date=2021-09-21|url=https://lipukule.org/post/2021/09/21/nasin-nanpa-mute-li-lon/|urldate=2024-02-06|title=nasin nanpa mute li lon|website=lipu kule}}</ref>
|People only want to know this: nothing, or one, or two, or many things are present?
|jan li wile sona e ni2 taso {{idsp}} ijo ala <mark>anu </mark> wan <mark>anu </mark> tu <mark>anu </mark> mute li lon
}}
The phrase {{tp|anu seme}} is sometimes added on to the end of a series of alternatives to leave the question open or to indicate uncertainty on a topic. For example:
{{Example
|ona li ilo <mark>anu</mark> moku <mark>anu seme? </mark><ref>{{cite web|author=jan Pensa|url=https://utala.pona.la/toki-en-lipu/lipu-suli/mi-en-waso-Kaka.html|title=mi en waso Kaka en monsuta pi ma kasi|website={{tok|utala musi pi ma pona}}|date=2023-07-15|access-date=2023-11-10}}</ref>
|Is it a tool or food or what?
|ona li ilo <mark>anu </mark> moku <mark>anu seme</mark>
}}
{{Example
|mi sona ala e ni: tenpo li suno <mark>anu</mark> pimeja.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://utala.pona.la/toki-en-lipu/lipu-suli/nasi.html|author=jan Kepe|title=Nasi|website={{tok|utala musi pi ma pona}}|date=2023-07-15|access-date=2023-11-10}}</ref>
|I don't know whether it's day time <mark>or</mark> night time.
|mi sona ala e ni2 {{idsp}} tenpo li suno <mark>anu </mark> pimeja
}}
==Definitions==
==={{tp|pu}}===
In the "[[Dictionary (pu)|Official Toki Pona Dictionary]]" section, the book {{pu|en}} defines {{tp|anu}} as:
{{pu def}}
==={{tp|ku}}===
For {{ku|en}}, respondents in {{tp|[[ma pona pi toki pona]]}} translated these English words as {{tp|anu}}:<ref>{{cite ku|203}}</ref>
{{ku data}}
=={{tp|sitelen pona}}==
The {{tp|[[sitelen pona]]}} glyph for {{tp|anu}} ({{UCSUR char|{{codepoint|anu}}}}) is a Y-shaped logograph, representing a branch between two options, such as a fork in a road leading up to two paths.<ref>{{cite etym sp}}</ref>
=={{tp|sitelen sitelen}}==
The {{tp|[[sitelen sitelen]]}} word glyph for {{tp|anu}} ({{ss|anu}}) is a simple shape containing two backwards S-shaped elements, which are also found in the word glyph for {{tp|[[seme]]}} ({{ss|seme}}) and the glyph marking a question.
These backwards S-shaped elements are based on a similar element found in {{w|Mi'kmaw hieroglyphs|Mi'kmaw hieroglyphic writing}}, where they appear in several passages expressing questions or indeterminacy.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jonathan Gabel|username=|date=|url=//jonathangabel.com/toki-pona/acknowledgements/|title=sitelen sitelen acknowledgements and etymology|quote=|website=The website of Jonathan Gabel|publisher=|access-date=2024-04-09}}</ref>
==History==
{{Start section|Historical}}
{{Needs work|Clarify relationship to the rest of the page.|section}}
===Pre-{{tp|pu}} usage===
The usage of {{tp|anu}} to form questions without {{tp|seme}} was widespread before the publication of {{tp|pu}}.
The course {{tp|o kama sona e toki pona!}} by {{tok|[[jan Pije]]}}, the most influential resource for learning Toki Pona in the [[pre-pu|pre-{{tp|pu}}]] era, taught {{tp|anu}} explicitly and exclusively as a word for marking questions. This included questions without {{tp|seme}}, as well as tag questions ending in {{tp|anu seme}}.<ref>{{tok|jan Pije}}. [http://web.archive.org/web/20200427220238/http://tokipona.net/tp/janpije/okamasona12.php Lesson 12: Conjunctions, {{tp|kin}}, Temperature]. Archived from the original on 27 April 2020. ''{{tok|lipu pi jan Pije}}''.</ref>
<blockquote>
This word can be used to make questions when there's a choice between two different options. For example, if you came home to find that someone had eaten all of the cookies, and you know that the person who ate them has to be either Susan or Lisa, you might ask:
: {{tp|jan Susan anu jan Lisa li moku e suwi?}}
Semi-literally, this sentence reads, Susan or Lisa ate the cookies? In colloquial English, it reads, "Did Susan eat the cookies, or was it Lisa?" As you see, you can't necessarily translate directly from English, especially with {{tp|anu}}. […]
</blockquote>
{{tp|anu}} was also used to make statements. In the learning course [[Toki Pona in 76 illustrated lessons]], the usage of {{tp|anu}} was taught in statements and questions side by side, distinguished only by the presence of a question mark or a period.<ref>Cárdenas, Eliazar Parra (2009). [https://archive.org/details/toki-pona-in-76-lessons/page/n38/mode/1up toki pona in 76 illustrated lessons]. ''Internet Archive''.</ref>
<blockquote>
{{tok|anu}} means "or"
: {{tp|mi wile jo e mani anu moku.}} — I want to have money or food.
: {{tp|sina ken moku e kili anu suwi. taso wan taso.}} — you can eat a trout or a cookie, but only one.
: {{tp|sina olin e mi anu ona?}} — do you love me or him?
: {{tp|sina toki tawa mi anu tawa ona?}} — do you speak to me or to him?
: {{tp|ni li waso anu tomo tawa kon? ala. ni li jan Superman!}} — Is that a bird or an airplane? No. This is Superman.
</blockquote>
==={{tp|pu}} usage===
In the book {{pu|en}}, the word {{tp|anu}} is defined, but not explained outside of its role in [[Questions#anu|{{tp|anu seme}} tag questions]]. The book only provides two sentences containing {{tp|anu}} without using {{tp|anu seme}}.
{{Example
|mi kute e mije <mark>anu</mark> meli.
|I hear a man or a woman. (answer to Lesson 7)
|mi kute e mije <mark>anu </mark> meli.
}}
{{Example
|wile sona nanpa wan li ni: ale li pona <mark>anu</mark> ike?
|The most fundamental question we can ever ask ourselves is whether or not the universe we live in is friendly or hostile. (Quote misattributed to {{w|Albert Einstein}})<ref>{{tok|jan Ke Tami}} (1 November 2023). "{{tok|toki ni li tan ala tan jan Ape Antan?}}". In [https://liputenpo.org/lipu-tenpo-nanpa-sin/ {{tp|lipu tenpo nanpa sin}}] (in Toki Pona). {{tp|lipu tenpo}}. p. 10.</ref>
|wile sona nanpa wan li ni : ale li pona <mark>anu </mark> ike
}}
'''Possible analyses:'''
* In the first sentence, {{tp|anu}} is presented as a statement. It might still act as a kind of chioce and could in some way work as a question.
* While in the second sentence, {{tp|anu}} is presented as a question. It is not clear whether {{tp|anu}} is responsible for forming this question, or if the phrase {{tp|wile sona}} is. That sentence is also not question in the English translation. Although this arises out of the reformulation of format. A literal translation may include a question: "the foremost question is this: is the universe good or bad?"
{{End section}}
==Experimental usages==
{{Needs work|Sentence-initial use mentioned on talk page|section}}
{{Start section|Experimental}}
There is an experimental proposal of the word {{tp|anu}} as a [[semiparticle]]. For example, it may be part of a [[la phrase|{{tp|la}} phrase]], as a whole meaning "otherwise". This phrase is similar to {{tp|[[ante]] la}}.
{{Example
|mi monsuta e sina la o weka. <mark>anu la</mark> ni li tenpo alasa.<ref>{{cite YouTube|id=_DVC7iJLgWs|title={{tok|monsuta}}|author={{tok|jan Usawi}}|channel={{tok|jan Usawi}}|handle=janusawi8794|date=2021-06-26|access-date=2023-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cohost.org/spiders/post/269405-my-favorite-toki-pon|title=my favorite toki pona song, explained in english (or, why "monsuta" by jan Usawi goes so fucking hard)|website=Cohost|author={{tok|soweli Kina}}|username=@spiders|date=2023-11-11|access-date=2023-12-17}}</ref>
|If I scared you, then run away. Otherwise it's hunting time.
|mi monsuta e sina la o weka {{idsp}} <mark>anu la </mark> ni li tenpo alasa
}}
In smaller communities,{{wh|which?}} an experimental usage of {{tp|anu}} was proposed{{wh|by whom?|date=2024-04-08}} similar to {{tp|[[taso]]}} and {{tp|[[kin]]}}, as [[modifier]]s of a phrase. This usage notably reduces the level of ambiguity created by {{tp|anu}} in situations where it would otherwise be unclear to replace particles or prepositions.
{{Example
|sina ken tawa <mark>tomo sitelen</mark> tawa <mark>tomo moku anu</mark>.
|You can go to the art gallery or to the restaurant.
|sina ken tawa <mark>tomo sitelen </mark>tawa <mark>tomo moku anu</mark>
}}
===Content word===
The semiparticle {{tp|anu}} is sometimes used as a [[content word]] meaning "to choose, to decide". This meaning is controversial due to the lack of content word meanings given to other particles in the language.
{{Example
|<mark>anu</mark> suli pi ma Tosi<ref>[[Aronora]] ({{tok|jan Alonola}}) (6 October 2021). "{{tok|anu suli pi ma Tosi}}". In [https://liputenpo.org/lipu-tenpo-nanpa-toki/ {{tp|lipu tenpo nanpa toki}}] (in Toki Pona). {{tp|[[lipu tenpo]]}}. p. 8.</ref>
|German national <mark>election</mark> ({{lit|the land of Germany's big <mark>choice</mark>}})
|<mark>anu </mark> suli pi ma[taso ona sona ijo]
}}
{{End section}}
==References==
<references/>
==Further reading==
===Resources===
* {{pu|en}}: Lesson 7
* {{tok|jan Lentan}}: [https://lipu-sona.pona.la/7.html Lesson 7]
* {{tok|soweli Tesa}}: [https://lipu-sona.kittycat.homes/en/anu Lesson 12]
* {{tp|nasin toki pona}} [https://github.com/kilipan/nasin-toki#the-particle-anu the particle {{tok|anu}}]
===Resources for historical usage===
* {{tok|jan Pije}}: [http://web.archive.org/web/20200427220238/http://tokipona.net/tp/janpije/okamasona12.php Lesson 12] (maintained from 2003 to mid 2010s)
* 76 Illustrated Lessons: [https://archive.org/details/toki-pona-in-76-lessons/page/n38/mode/1up Lesson 63] (original published in 2004, English translation in 2009)
===Dictionaries===
* {{R:Linku}}
* {{R:Wikipesija}}
* {{R:Wiktionary}}
{{Words}}
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