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{{nimi
| PoS = content word
| image = Thoth08BigasDrumEvansChalmette.jpg
}}
'''{{tp|kalama}}''' is {{a category}} [[content word]] relating to sounds.
 
==Etymology==
The word {{tp|kalama}} is derived from {{wbor|Croatian languagesh|Croatian}} ''{{langgalama|hralt=galáma|galamanoise|ts=ɡalǎːma}}'', meaning "noise".<ref>{{cite etym}}</ref>
 
==Semantic space==
The [[semantic space]] of {{tp|kalama}} includes noises and sounds. For most speakers, it is broader than {{tp|[[mu]]}}, as {{tp|kalama}} can describe a sound of any source, length, level of intent or linguistic content, and so on.
{{Needs work|inclusion or more meanings|section}}
 
The [[semantic space]] of {{tp|kalama}} includes noises and sounds.<ref>{{cite lipamanka}}</ref>
In the [[predicate]], {{tp|kalama}} refers to producing a noise. Following the {{tp|[[monsutatesu]]}} analysis, the word {{tp|kalama}} can have two [[Antonyms|opposite definitions]] when used as a [[transitive verb]]: "to make the sound (of something)" and "to make (someone) make sound". This was first noted by {{tok|ike Pike}} sometime before 2021.<ref>{{cite web|author={{tok|kala pona Tonyu}}|date=29 January 2021|url=https://lipukule.org/post/2021/01/29/monsutatesu|title={{tok|monsutatesu}}|website={{tp|[[lipu kule]]}}}}</ref>
 
{{Example
| mi <mark>kalama</mark> musi.
| I <mark>make sound</mark> for entertainment [create music].
| mi <mark>kalama </mark> musi
}}▼
 
The book {{pu|en}} gives {{tp|kalama}} a secondary sense of reciting a spoken utterance, which could apply to {{w|chant}}ing and the like. This seems to frame the sound or musicality of the recital as more important than the meaning of the words recited.
 
{{tok|jan Olipija}} has described an extended meaning for those who are Deaf or hard of hearing, where {{tp|kalama}} can refer to soundlike vibrations that are felt elsewhere in the body than the ears.<ref>{{cite lipamanka}}</ref>
 
==={{tp|pu}}===
Line 17 ⟶ 29:
 
==={{tp|ku}}===
For {{ku|en}}, respondents in {{tp|[[ma pona pi toki pona]]}} translated these English words as {{tp|kalama}}:<ref>{{cite ku|235}}</ref>
 
{{ku data}}
 
=={{tp|sitelen pona}}==
The {{tp|[[sitelen pona]]}} glyph for {{tp|kalama}} is({{UCSUR derivedchar|{{codepoint|kalama}}}}) fromis the theopen mouth [[radical]], from {{tp|[[uta]]}}, with [[emmitersemitters]] above. This represents a mouth producing or emitting sound.
 
=={{tp|sitelen sitelen}}==
==Related words==
The {{tp|[[sitelen sitelen]]}} glyph for {{tp|kalama}} ({{ss|kalama}}) may be a combination of its constituent consonants. The letter glyph for k ({{ss|K}}) and m ({{ss|M}}) combine to form the overall shape with four lower lopes, while the syllable glyph la ({{ss|LA}}) is simplified, rotated and put on the upper part of the glyph. The three strokes on it may also represent the 3 syllables of the word.{{citation needed}}
==={{tp|kalamARR}}===
{{Fun}}
{{nimi|kalamARR
| IPA = /ˌka.la.ˈmaɹː/
| PoS = content word
▲}}
'''{{tp|kalamARR}}''' is a [[joke word]] and {{tp|[[nimi ku lili]]}} relating to a pirate sound, which breaks Toki Pona's [[phonology]] and [[phonotactics]]. It is derived from the word {{tp|kalama}} and the {{w|English language|English}} onomatopeia ''arr'' for an imitation of pirates and it was coined by an unknown surveyee for the {{ku|en}} in 2021.
{{Clear}}
 
==={{tp|kuntu}}===
{{nimi|kuntu
| PoS = content word
}}
'''{{tp|kuntu}}''' is {{a category|kuntu}} [[content word]] and {{tp|[[nimi ku lili]]}} relating to laughing and comedy. It is an [[acronym]] derived from the phrase {{tp|kalama musi tan uta}} and was coined by {{tok|jan inwin}}, {{tok|jan Maliku}}, and {{tok|jan Wesu}}.{{citation needed}} The screenplay {{tp|[[tu kuntu]]}} is a notable work with this word in its title.
 
==References==
<references/>
 
==Further reading==
* {{R:Linku}}
* {{R:Wikipesija}}
* {{R:Wiktionary}}
{{Words}}
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