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'''{{tp|li}}''' is a [[particle]] used to introduce the [[predicate]], that is, it separates the [[subject]] from the rest of the sentence. |
'''{{tp|li}}''' is a [[particle]] used to introduce the [[predicate]], that is, it separates the [[subject]] from the rest of the sentence. |
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==Function== |
==Function== |
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{{tp|li}} separates the subject from the predicate. The predicate can be |
The particle {{tp|li}} separates the [[subject]] from the [[predicate]]. The predicate can be intepreted as a verb, noun, adjective, or prepositional phrase. The particle is omitted when the subject consists only of the word {{tp|[[mi]]}} or {{tp|[[sina]]}}. |
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{{Example|ona li moku.|They eat.}} |
{{Example|ona li moku.|They eat.}} |
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{{Example|kili li moku.|Fruits are food.}} |
{{Example|kili li moku.|Fruits are food.}} |
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{{Example|mi tawa tomo.|I'm going home.}} |
{{Example|mi tawa tomo.|I'm going home.}} |
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When the subject is anything other than the words {{tp|mi}} or {{tp|sina}} alone, it is separated by {{tp|li}}, including when they are acting as a [[modifier]] in a noun phrase. |
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{{Example|sina en mi li lukin e sitelen tawa.|You and I watch a movie.}} |
{{Example|sina en mi li lukin e sitelen tawa.|You and I watch a movie.}} |
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{{Example|moku mi li lon supa.|My food is on the table.}} |
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===Multiple predicates=== |
===Multiple predicates=== |
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In order to introduce multiple predicates, the particle {{tp|li}} is repeated. |
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Typically, {{tp|li}} is repeated when multiple predicates apply to the same subject. |
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{{Example|ona li kama li tawa.|They come and go.}} |
{{Example|ona li kama li tawa.|They come and go.}} |
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{{pu}} says that when multiple predicates are applied to {{tp|mi}} or {{tp|sina}}, a new sentence should start.<ref>{{cite pu|56}}</ref> |
The book {{lipu pu|en}} says that when multiple predicates are applied to {{tp|mi}} or {{tp|sina}}, a new sentence should start.<ref>{{cite pu|56}}</ref> |
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{{Example|mi toki. mi moku.|I speak and eat.}} |
{{Example|mi toki. mi moku.|I speak and eat.}} |
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Some speakers use a second {{tp|li}} in this case. This is referred to as "extended {{tp|li}} style" in |
Some speakers use a second {{tp|li}} in this case. This is referred to as "extended {{tp|li}} style" in the {{ku|en}}. |
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{{Example|mi moku li toki.|I eat and speak.}} |
{{Example|mi moku li toki.|I eat and speak.}} |
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A downside of this method is exemplified in this sentence: it is ambiguous whether {{tp|toki}} is meant to be a predicate or a modifier of {{tp|mi}}. |
A downside of this method is exemplified in this sentence: it is ambiguous whether {{tp|toki}} is meant to be a predicate or a modifier of {{tp|mi}}. |
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{{Example|mi moku li toki.|The food-related me is talking.}} |
{{Example|mi moku li toki.|The food-related me is talking.}} |
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==Dropping after {{tp|mi}} and {{tp|sina}}== |
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{{Needs work|move [[mi li and sina li#Why no li?|{{tp|mi li}} and {{tp|sina li}} § Why no {{tp|li}}?]] to this section|section}} |
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Learners sometimes wonder why {{tp|li}} gets added for everything else, but not for {{tp|mi}} and {{tp|sina}}. Because the underlying confusion, or curiosity, can have different causes, there are many possible answers. |
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Etymologically speaking, {{tp|li}} is a third-person marker, derived from Esperanto, and it functions similarly to the {{w|Tok Pisin}} particle ''{{lang|tpi|i}}'', which introduces the verb except when the subject is the first- or second-person singular pronouns.<ref name="franklin1980"/><ref name="tung2014"/><ref name="verhaar1991"/> |
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It is commonly analysed that there is a "hidden" {{tp|li}} after {{tp|mi}} or {{tp|sina}}. |
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==Misconceptions== |
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==={{tp|li}} is not "is"=== |
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In his series ''[[12 Days of sona pi toki pona|12 Days of {{tok|sona pi toki pona}}]]'', {{tok|[[jan Misali]]}} introduces the word {{tp|li}} as meaning "is".<ref>{{cite YouTube|id=KTbnGX6G_P4|title=12 Days of {{tok|sona pi toki pona}} Day Two: Sentence Structure|name={{tok|jan Misali}}|date=14 December 2015|channel=jan Misali|handle=HMaster|}}</ref> This has since been corrected in his newer series ''toki pona lessons''. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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<references |
<references> |
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<ref name="franklin1980"> |
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Franklin, Karl J. (1980). [https://c-cluster-110.uploads.documents.cimpress.io/v1/uploads/6287ad77-7996-4cbc-8514-3a4fcabfbd29~110/original?tenant=vbu-digital The particles ‘i’ and ‘na’ in Tok Pisin]. ''Kivung''. '''12''' (2): 134-144. |
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</ref> |
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<ref name="tung2014"> |
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Tung, Cindy (2014). [https://ejournals.bc.edu/index.php/lingua/article/view/5419/5049 Grammaticalization in Tok Pisin]. ''Lingua Frankly''. '''2''' (1). {{w|Doi (identifier)|doi}}:[https://doi.org/10.6017/lf.v2i1.5419 10.6017/lf.v2i1.5419] |
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</ref> |
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<ref name="verhaar1991"> |
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Verhaar, J. W. M. (1991). [https://benjamins.com/catalog/jpcl.6.2.04ver The Function of I in Tok Pisin]. ''Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages''. '''6''' (2): 231–266. {{w|Doi (identifier)|doi}}:[https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.6.2.04ver 10.1075/jpcl.6.2.04ver]. |
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</ref> |
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</references> |
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==External links== |
==External links== |