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''li'' is a [[:Category:Particles|particle]] in Toki Pona that separates the subject from the rest of the sentence.
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{{tp|li}} is a [[particle]] in Toki Pona that separates the subject from the rest of the sentence. |
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== Function of ''li'' == |
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== Function of {{tp|li}} == |
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''li'' separates the subject from the predicate. The predicate can be a verb (with or without object), a noun, an adjective, or a prepositional phrase. It is omitted when the subject is ''mi'' or ''sina'' alone.
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{{tp|li}} separates the subject from the predicate. The predicate can be a verb (with or without object), a noun, an adjective, or a prepositional phrase. It is omitted when the subject is {{tp|mi}} or {{tp|sina}} alone. |
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{{Example|ona li moku. |They eat. }} |
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{{Example|soweli li suwi. |The dog is cute. }} |
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; ona li moku. : They eat. |
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{{Example|kili li moku. |Fruits are food. }} |
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; soweli li suwi. : The dog is cute. |
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{{Example|mi tawa tomo. |I'm going home. }} |
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; kili li moku. : Fruits are food. |
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{{Example|sina en mi li lukin e sitelen tawa. |You and I watch a movie. }} |
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; mi tawa tomo. : I'm going home. |
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; sina en mi li lukin e sitelen tawa. : You and I watch a movie. |
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== Multiple predicates == |
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== Multiple predicates == |
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Typically, ''li'' is repeated when multiple predicates apply to the same subject. |
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Typically, {{tp|li}} is repeated when multiple predicates apply to the same subject. |
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{{Example|ona li kama li tawa. |They come and go. }} |
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{{pu}} says that when multiple predicates are applied to {{tp|mi }} or {{tp|sina }}, a new sentence should start.<ref>[[pu]] p. 56</ref> |
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; ona li kama li tawa. : They come and go. |
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{{Example|mi toki. mi moku. |I speak and eat. }} |
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Some speakers use a second {{tp|li }} in this case. This is referred to as "extended {{tp|li }} style" in [[ku]]. |
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{{pu}} says that when multiple predicates are applied to ''mi '' or ''sina '', a new sentence should start.<ref>[[pu]] p. 56</ref> |
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{{Example|mi moku li toki. |I eat and speak. }} |
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A downside of this method is exemplified in this sentence: it is ambiguous whether {{tp|toki }} is meant to be a predicate or a modifier of {{tp|mi }}. |
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; mi toki. mi moku. : I speak and eat. |
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{{Example|mi moku li toki. |The food-related me is talking. }} |
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Some speakers use a second ''li '' in this case. This is referred to as "extended ''li '' style" in [[ku]]. |
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; mi moku li toki. : I eat and speak. |
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A downside of this method is exemplified in this sentence: it is ambiguous whether ''toki '' is meant to be a predicate or a modifier of ''mi ''. |
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; mi moku li toki. : The food-related me is talking. |
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== Etymology == |
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== Etymology == |
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The Toki Pona particle ''li'' is from the Esperanto third-person singular pronoun "li."<ref>[https://archive.ph/i4Psx toki pona Etymological Dictionary]</ref> |
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The Toki Pona particle {{tp|li}} is from the Esperanto third-person singular pronoun "li."<ref>[//archive.ph/i4Psx toki pona Etymological Dictionary]</ref> |
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== References == |
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== References == |
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== External resources == |
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== External resources == |
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* [[pu]] Lessons 2 through 5. |
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* {{tp|[[pu]]}} Lessons 2 through 5. |
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* [https://lipu-sona.pona.la/ jan Lentan Lessons 1-4] |
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* [//lipu-sona.pona.la/ {{tok|jan Lentan}} Lessons 1-4] |
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* [https://jonathangabel.com/toki-pona/basic-sentences/ sitelen sitelen Basic Sentences] |
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* [//jonathangabel.com/toki-pona/basic-sentences/ {{tok|sitelen sitelen}} Basic Sentences] |
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* [https://sowelitesa.kittycat.homes/lipu-sona/2 soweli Tesa Lesson 2] |
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* [//sowelitesa.kittycat.homes/lipu-sona/2 {{tok|soweli Tesa}} Lesson 2] |
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*[https://github.com/kilipan/nasin-toki#the-particle-li nasin toki pona] |
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* [//github.com/kilipan/nasin-toki#the-particle-li {{tok|nasin toki pona}}] |
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* [https://mun.la/sona/li.html jan Kekan San Actions with li] |
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* [//mun.la/sona/li.html {{tok|jan Kekan San}} Actions with {{tok|li}}] |
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