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Particles: Difference between revisions
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(Created page with "In Toki Pona grammar, a {{wp|Grammatical particle|'''particle'''}} is a word with no semantic meaning that marks the grammatical structure of a sentence. ==''pu''== These ''nimi pu'' are particles: <div style="column-count:4;"> * ''a'' * ''ala''<ref name="some">Some people treat this as a content word.</ref> * ''anu''<ref name="some"/> * ''e'' * ''en'' * ''kin''<ref name="some"/> * ''la'' * ''li'' * ''m...") |
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{{Short description|Words with grammatical function and no meaning}}
{{Wikipedia|grammatical particle|particle}}
In [[Toki Pona]] [[grammar]], a '''particle''' is a word with no [[semantic value|semantic meaning]] that marks the grammatical structure of a [[sentence]]. Particles are crucial to forming understandable sentences. {{tp|[[li]]}}, {{tp|[[e]]}}, {{tp|[[o]]}}, and {{tp|[[la]]}} are taught in that order in {{pu|en}}<ref>{{cite pu}}</ref> and many other [[resources]].
Particles can be one of the main challenges of adapting from English to Toki Pona grammar. However, the concept is [[Toki Pona is not exceptional|not unique to Toki Pona]]; many natural languages have grammatical particles.
==''pu''==▼
These ''[[nimi pu]]'' are particles:▼
===Sentence-structuring===
{|class="wikitable"
!Particle
!Follows
!Introduces
|-
!{{tp|[[e]]}}
|
*A [[predicate]] [[phrase]] (which becomes [[transitive]])
*Another [[direct object]]
|A [[direct object]]
|-
|A [[subject]]
|Another [[subject]]
|-
|A context phrase or [[clause]]
|The main [[clause]]
|-
|
*The subject<br />(unless there is only one, and it is only {{tp|[[mi]]}} or only {{tp|[[sina]]}})
*Another predicate
|A [[predicate]]
|-
!{{tp|[[o]]}}
|
*A [[subject]] being addressed
*Another [[predicate]]
|The [[predicate]] of a command or hope
|-
|A [[phrase]]
|A multi-word [[modifier]] [[phrase]]
|}
===Other===
<div style="column-count:4;">
*
*
*
* ''[[e]]''▼
* {{tp|[[mu]]}}<ref group="lower-alpha" name="pu_mixed">{{pu}} defines this as a particle, but also uses it as a content word.</ref>
▲* ''[[en]]''
▲* ''[[kin]]''<ref name="some"/>
▲* ''[[la]]''
▲* ''[[li]]''
▲* ''[[pi]]''
▲* ''[[taso]]''<ref name="some"/>
</div>
==Nonstandard==
{{Start section|Nonstandard}}
These
<div style="column-count:4;">
*
*
* {{tp|[[ki]]}}
* ''[[te/to]]''<ref name="some"/>▼
* {{tp|[[lo]]}}
* ''[[wa]]''<ref name="some"/>▼
* [[su (particle)|{{tp|su}}]] (particle)
* {{tp|[[ta]]}}
* [[we (particle)|{{tp|we}}]] (particle)
</div>
{{End section}}
==Notes==
<references group="lower-alpha" />
==References==
<references />
{{Words}}
[[Category:Particles| ]]▼
[[Category:Parts of speech]]
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