Preverb marking: Difference between revisions
Article overhaul. IMO this whole article should be moved to user pages, but if we're having it, I think we should add info on "ja", and separate the article more clearly into the various different nasins.
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(Article overhaul. IMO this whole article should be moved to user pages, but if we're having it, I think we should add info on "ja", and separate the article more clearly into the various different nasins.) |
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{{Needs work|better explanation of the {{tp|ni}} method}}
{{Experimental}}
'''Preverb marking''' is
The syntax of each of the preverb-marking methods is identical when a sentence has a single preverb. The methods diverge when multiple preverbs are involved, with {{tp|ja}} requiring the particle to be repeated, whereas {{tp|ta}} can mark multiple preverbs at once. The word {{tp|ja}} allows for [[modifiers|modification]] of the preverb, which is not possible with {{tp|ta}} except for negation with {{tp|[[ala]]}}. The {{tp|ta}} method and the {{tp|ni}} method work different semantically, and {{tp|ja}} has undefined semantics.
=={{tp|ja}}==
{{nimi|ja
| PoS = particle
}}
'''{{tp|ja}}''' was coined in 2021 by a group of people, most notably {{tok|wuwojiti Haev}} and {{tok|[[jan Pensa]]}}.<ref>{{cite Discord|url=https://discord.com/channels/301377942062366741/870019569866145812|channel=sona-mus|thread=nimisin for marking preverbs|server=ma pona pi toki pona|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref> It was made to allow experimental preverbs to be used without ambiguity.
=== Syntax ===
{{tp|ja}} follows a preverb, separating it from the following predicate or from another preverb.
{{Example
|I'm <mark>going (in order) to</mark> water the plants.
|sp=no}}
{{Example
|mi <mark>open ja</mark> <mark>olin ja</mark> telo e kasi.
|I'm <mark>starting to</mark> <mark>love</mark> watering the plants.
|sp=no}}
{{tp|ja}} allows unambiguous [[modifiers|modification]] of preverbs by putting multiple content words before it.
{{Example
|mi <mark>wile mute ja</mark> sona e ni
|I <mark>really want</mark> to know this.
|sp=no}}
Well-established preverbs can be marked with {{tp|ja}} for clarification, but this is not required. When using well-established preverbs in the same sentence, all preverbs before the last {{tp|ja}} should be marked by {{tp|ja}} to avoid ambiguity, but preverbs after the last {{tp|ja}} can remain unmarked.
{{tp|ja}} was also designed to work in combination with the experimental preposition-marking particle {{tp|lu}} (which was later renamed to {{tp|[[lo]]}}) to allow for unambiguous modification of prepositions.
{{Example
|mi pali e ni <mark>lo kepeken wawa ja</mark> luka mi.
|I made this by <mark>using</mark> my hands <mark>with a lot of force</mark>.
|sp=no}}
{{Example
|soko li <mark>lo ante mute ja</mark> leko.
|Mushrooms are <mark>very different from</mark> squares.
|sp=no}}
=== Semantics ===
The meanings of preverbs marked by {{tp|ja}} are not explicitly undefined. It was meant to work with already proposed experimental preverbs rather than being used as a regular method to create new preverbs. However, it can also be used with any system of regular preverb derivation, including the ones proposed for {{tp|ta}} and {{tp|ni}}.
{{clear}}
=={{tp|ta}}==
{{nimi|ta
| PoS = particle
}}
▲'''Preverb marking''' is an experimental {{tp|[[nasin (meta)|nasin]]}}, which explicitly separates the [[preverb]] of a sentence from the [[predicate]], often with the use of {{tp|[[nimi sin]]}}. This makes preverbs a grammatical position rather than a lexical class, allowing for the usage of all [[content word]]s as descriptors for a main state or process.
'''{{tp|ta}}''' was coined by {{tok|[[jan Tepo]]}} and further developed by [[User:Lassc|the keyring system]] in 2023. The keyring system intended it as an alternative to {{tp|ja}} without the need to repeat the particle for multiple preverbs, and with more clearly defined semantics to allow any word to be used as a preverb.<ref>{{cite Discord|url=https://discord.com/channels/301377942062366741/340307145373253642/1066926383747575829|channel=pali-musi|server=ma pona pi toki pona|author=kupikoni|username=kupikoni#3673|access-date=2024-02-03|quote=i knew about ja when making ta, but I had complaints about how poorly defined the semantics of content word to pv meaning were and i disliked the idea of repeating the particle for every pv}}</ref>
=== Syntax ===
For transitive verbs (such as {{tp|alasa}}, where the object is the patient of the predicate), preverb phrases affect the main predicate by treating a preverb as a layer over the main predicate:▼
{{tp|ja}} follows one or more preverbs, separating them from the following predicate.
{{Example
|mi <mark>open olin ta</mark> telo e kasi.
|I'm <mark>starting to love</mark> watering the plants.
|sp=no}}
<!-- Here it used to say "Similarly to traditional preverbs, the order of words in a preverb phrase can greatly impact the meaning of the final message by changing the ordering of levels.
but I don't think that's useful information, because it's the same as traditional preverbs, as well as both other preverb-marking methods -- jan Pensa
-->{{tp|[[ala]]}} can still negate preverbs in a {{tp|ta}} phrase.
=== Semantics ===
Meanings of preverbs marked by {{tp|ta}} are usually determined with guidelines based on the word's [[transitivity]].
▲For transitive verbs (such as {{tp|alasa}}, where the object is the patient of the predicate),
{{Example
|mi utala <mark>ta</mark> toki e
|I resist saying
<br/>[semantically equivalent to "{{tp|mi utala e (toki e ijo)}}," or "{{tp|mi utala e ni: mi toki e ijo}}."]
▲|mi utala <mark>ta </mark>toki e ni
|mi utala <mark>ta </mark>toki e ijo
}}
For intransitive verbs (such as {{tp|ken}}, where the object is made to be or do the predicate), the preverb phrase affects the main predicate by specifying the preverb word:
{{Example
|mi pakala <mark>ta</mark> toki e ijo.
|I failed to say something.
<br/>[semantically equivalent to "{{tp|mi toki e ijo la ni li pakala}}"]
|mi pakala <mark>ta </mark>toki e ijo
}}
{{Example
|jan mute li nasin <mark>ta</mark> tawa tomo pali.
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}}
=={{tp|ni}}==
▲Similarly to traditional preverbs, the order of words in a preverb phrase can greatly impact the meaning of the final message by changing the ordering of levels. Additionally, {{tp|ala}} retains its usage of negating preverbs in a preverb phrase.
{{tok|[[jan Tepo]]}} abandoned {{tp|ta}} in favor of using the word {{tp|[[ni]]}} to mark preverbs.
For example, "{{tp|mi utala ni toki e ni}}" is meant as an abbreviation of "{{tp|mi utala ni: mi toki e ni}}," which means the same as "{{tp|mi toki e ni. ni li utala.}}"<ref>{{cite Discord|url=https://discord.com/channels/301377942062366741/1134994249021136916/1135073218496053378|channel=toki-suli|server=ma pona pi toki pona|author=jan Tepo|username=tbodt|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref>
==References==
<references/>
==External links==
* [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1CAH49L2ddg6wnZtH4naWRoX52Z6aPDkb0OdUFrYOLfY/edit {{tp|ta}} documentation]
▲Only one {{tp|ta}} or {{tp|ni}} is necessary in a sentence, and repeating it is redundant. Similarly to {{tp|mi}} and {{tp|sina}} for {{tp|[[li]]}}, the "canonical" lexical class of preverbs ({{tp|alasa, awen, ken, kama, lukin/oko, sona, wile}}) do not need {{tp|ta}} or {{tp|ni}} to be interpreted as preverbs.
{{Words}}
[[Category:Styles of Toki Pona]]
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