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Sentence structure: Difference between revisions
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{{Needs work|This article is still under construction.}}
The '''sentence structure''' of [[Toki Pona]] is as follows:
:;<span style="opacity:0.5;">subject</span> ''li'' <span style="opacity:0.5;">verb</span> (''e'' <span style="opacity:0.5;">object</span>).
::Subject verbs (object).
:;<span style="opacity:0.5;">subject</span> ''en'' <span style="opacity:0.5;">subject</span> ''li'' <span style="opacity:0.5;">verb</span> (''e'' <span style="opacity:0.5;">object</span> ''e'' <span style="opacity:0.5;">object</span>) ''li'' <span style="opacity:0.5;">verb</span> (''e'' <span style="opacity:0.5;">object</span> ''e'' <span style="opacity:0.5;">object</span>).
::Subject and subject verb (object and object) and verb (object and object).
:;[[#context|'''context''']] {{tp|[[la]]}} [[#subject|'''subject''']] {{tp|[[li]]}} [[#predicate|'''predicate''']] {{tp|[[e]]}} [[#direct object|'''direct object''']] {{tp|[[preposition]]}} [[#indirect object|'''indirect object''']].<ref>{{cite web|title=nasin toki pona|author=jan Juli|url=https://github.com/kilipan/nasin-toki|website=GitHub}}</ref><ref>Jean-Marc Quéré, ''sona li wan'' (2021) p. 9</ref><ref>{{cite pu|17, 20, 25, 26, 34, 35, 48, 49, 51, 56}}</ref>
[[Toki Pona]]'s '''word order''' is known as [[wikipedia:Subject–verb–object word order|subject–verb–object]] (SVO).
==Context==
The context before [[la]] can be a word, [[phrase]], or [[clause]] (basically an entire sentence of its own).
==Subject==
The subject of the sentence can be a word or phrase. Multiple subjects are combined with {{tp|[[en]]}}. The subject is the main character of a sentence. It can be a person or an object or anything really. What's important is that we describe what the subject is or is doing. Multiple [[subject]]s are connected with ''[[en]]''.
==Predicate==
The predicate of the sentence can be a word or phrase, potentially with a [[pre-predicate]]. The verb (also called the "predicate") is the thing the subject is, or is doing. It can be an action — like working, playing, talking — or a description — like blue, good, tall — or a thing — like house, animal, food. A [[preposition]] or prepositional phrase can be a predicate. Almost all predicates are introduced by [[li]]. Multiple verbs are introduced by repeating the particle for each. <!-- It is not worth specifying that "almost all" means "except in the case of mi and sina along" here, I don't think. -->
==Direct object==
The direct object of a sentence can be a word or phrase. The direct object is the thing that the action is done to. It can also be basically anything. It is the receiver of the action in the verb performed by the subject. Each direct object is introduced by [[e]]. In standard grammar, all of the subjects go first, but objects can tag onto their respective verbs.
==Indirect object==
The indirect object of a sentence can be a word or phrase. Each indirect object is introduced by a [[preposition]].
==Modifiers==
[[Modifiers]] follow their heads. The main idea that you're talking about is the "head", and that can't be dropped without changing entirely what you're referring to. The idea that modifies the head to some extent, giving more information that can often be left out, is called a "modifier".
:In ''<u>toki</u> pona'', ''toki'' ("language") is the head, and ''pona'' ("good") is the modifier.
:''<u>sike</u> loje mi'' is literally "<u>ball</u> red my", and means "my red <u>ball</u>".
:This is typically the opposite of English, but there are counterexamples like "<u>someone</u> special", "<u>anything</u> new", "<u>time</u> immemorial", and "<u>Alcoholics</u> Anonymous".
==Free word order==
{{Start section|Fun}}
An experimental system for [[wikipedia:Free word order|free word order]] was created as an April Fools' Day joke. Most speakers do not use or easily understand it.
In this system, the subject, verb, and object can go in any order. The subject is introduced with ''en'' if it does not start the sentence.
{|class="wikitable"
!SOV
|''ona e kasi li moku.''
|"They plants eat."
|-
!SVO
|''ona li moku e kasi.''
|"They eat plants."
|-
!VSO
|''li moku en ona e kasi.''
|"Eat they plants."
|-
!VOS
|''li moku e kasi en ona.''
|"Eat plants they."
|-
!OVS
|''e kasi li moku en ona.''
|"Plants eat they."
|-
!OSV
|''e kasi en ona li moku.''
|"Plants they eat."
|}
Besides its lack of acceptance, there are some potential problems with this system. The correspondence between multiple verbs and objects may be lost, and it unclear what would happen to context phrases. Also, sentence boundaries may be unclear.
{{End section}}
==See also==
*[[Passive voice]]
*[[Phrases and clauses]]
==References==
<references />
{{General}}
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