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li: Difference between revisions
Fix formatting, add small historical context for extended li style
(Improved description of the function of li) |
(Fix formatting, add small historical context for extended li style) |
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'''{{tp|li}}''' is a [[particle]] used to introduce a [[predicate]] to a sentence.
==Etymology==
The word {{tp|li}} is derived from the {{w|Esperanto}} third-person singular pronoun ''{{lang|eo|li}}''<ref>{{cite etym}}</ref>,
==Function==
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===Multiple predicates===
In order to introduce multiple predicates, the particle {{tp|li}} is repeated for subjects apart from {{tp|mi}} and {{tp|sina}}.
{{Example|ona li kama li tawa.|They come and go.}}
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{{Example|mi toki. mi moku.|I speak. I eat.}}
Some speakers prefer to repeat a second {{tp|li}} in this case.<ref name="kita2022" /> This is referred to as "extended {{tp|li}} style" in the {{ku|en}}.<ref>{{cite ku|10}}</ref> It was first cited on the popular lessons by {{tok|[[jan Pije]]}} around 2004 and its updated version on 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tokipona.nytka.org/lesson/lesson4.html|title=Toki Pona Lesson 4|website={{tok|lipu pi jan Pije}}|author={{tok|jan Pije}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041217042434/http://tokipona.nytka.org/lesson/lesson4.html|archive-date=2004-12-07|url-status=dead|access-date=2024-03-06|quote={{tp|mi moku li pakala}}. This says, "I eat and destroy." While li is still omitted before moku because the subject of the sentence is mi (Look back over lesson three if you've forgotten this rule), we still use it before the second verb, pakala. Without the li there, the sentence would be chaotic and confusing. Compound sentences with sina follow this same pattern.}}</ref>
{{Example|mi toki li moku.|I speak and eat.}}
This style can possibly lead to
===Edge cases===
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<ref name="verhaar1991">
Verhaar, J. W. M. (1991). [https://benjamins.com/catalog/jpcl.6.2.04ver The Function of I in Tok Pisin]. ''Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages''. '''6''' (2): 231–266. {{w|Doi (identifier)|doi}}:[https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.6.2.04ver 10.1075/jpcl.6.2.04ver].
</ref>
<ref name="kita2022" >{{cite Discord|url=https://discord.com/channels/301377942062366741/828474497865744444/1022177735386337371|name={{tok|jan Kita}}|username=.hecko|message-type=Informal poll|channel={{tok|sona-kulupu}}|server={{tp|ma pona pi toki pona}}|quote=which one of these do you do usually|access-date=2024-03-06}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Which construction do you prefer?
|-
! Option
! Votes
|-
! {{tp|mi tawa. mi kalama}}<br/><small>({{tp|pu}} style)</small>
| 52
|-
! {{tp|mi tawa li kalama}}<br/><small>(Extended {{tp|li}} style)</small>
| 59
|-
! {{tp|mi li tawa li kalama}}<br/><small>("Loglanger" style)</small>
| 0
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Which construction do you prefer?
|-
! Option
! Votes
|-
! {{tp|mi lukin e ona. mi kalama}}<br/><small>({{tp|pu}} style)</small>
| 60
|-
! {{tp|mi lukin e ona li kalama}}<br/><small>(Extended {{tp|li}} style)</small>
| 43
|-
! {{tp|mi li lukin e ona li kalama}}<br/><small>("Loglanger" style)</small>
| 0
|}
</ref>
</references>
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===Resources===
* {{pu|en}}: Lessons 2–5
* {{tok|jan Kekan San}}: [https://mun.la/sona/li.html Actions with {{tok|li}}]
* {{tok|jan Lentan}}: [https://lipu-sona.pona.la Lessons 1–4]
* {{tok|jan Misali}} (2022): [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2EZihKCB9iw what is toki pona? (toki pona lesson one)]
* {{tok|soweli Tesa}}: [https://lipu-sona.kittycat.homes/en/li Lesson 2]
* {{tp|nasin toki pona}}: [https://github.com/kilipan/nasin-toki#the-particle-li the particle {{tok|li}}]
* Jonathan Gabel: [https://jonathangabel.com/toki-pona/basic-sentences/ Basic Sentences]
===Resources for historical usage===
* {{tok|jan Sonja}} (2002): [https://web.archive.org/web/20090823012007/http://bknight0.myweb.uga.edu/toki/about/lesson/tp1.html Lesson 1]
* {{tok|jan Pije}} (2014): [https://web.archive.org/web/20141009045901/http://tokipona.net/tp/janpije/lesson/lesson3.html Lesson 3]
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