User:ItMarki/Chemical nomenclature in Toki Pona: Difference between revisions
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| 29 || Cu || {{tp|Kupun}} (from Latin {{lang|la|cuprum}}) |
| 29 || Cu || {{tp|Kupun}} (from Latin {{lang|la|cuprum}}) |
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| 30 || Zn || {{tp|Sinku}}<ref>Since {{tp|sin}} is already a content word, the name for zinc is modified.</ref> |
| 30 || Zn || {{tp|Sinku}}<ref group="note">Since {{tp|sin}} is already a content word, the name for zinc is modified.</ref> |
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| 31 || Ga || {{tp|Kalun}}<ref>Since {{tp|Kalijun}} is already taken for potassium, the name for gallium is modified.</ref> |
| 31 || Ga || {{tp|Kalun}}<ref group="note">Since {{tp|Kalijun}} is already taken for potassium, the name for gallium is modified.</ref> |
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| 32 || Ge || {{tp|Kemanijun}} |
| 32 || Ge || {{tp|Kemanijun}} |
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| 75 || Re || {{tp|Lenijun}} |
| 75 || Re || {{tp|Lenijun}} |
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| 76 || Os || {{tp|Osijun}}<ref>Since {{tp|Omijun}} is already taken for holmium, the name for osmium is modified.</ref> |
| 76 || Os || {{tp|Osijun}}<ref group="note">Since {{tp|Omijun}} is already taken for holmium, the name for osmium is modified.</ref> |
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| 77 || Ir || {{tp|Ilisijun}} |
| 77 || Ir || {{tp|Ilisijun}} |
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If, however, a term must be Tokiponized and it cannot be expressed with other Tokiponized terms, Latin (or New Latin) takes precedence over any other language, so alkane, alkene and alkyne use <span style="color: green;">{{tp|Akan}}</span>, <span style="color: green;">{{tp|Aken}}</span> and <span style="color: green;">{{tp|Akin}}</span> respectively, and not <span style="color: red;">{{tp|Aken}}</span>, <span style="color: red;">{{tp|Akin}}</span> and <span style="color: red;">{{tp|Akan}}</span> as in English. |
If, however, a term must be Tokiponized and it cannot be expressed with other Tokiponized terms, Latin (or New Latin) takes precedence over any other language, so alkane, alkene and alkyne use <span style="color: green;">{{tp|Akan}}</span>, <span style="color: green;">{{tp|Aken}}</span> and <span style="color: green;">{{tp|Akin}}</span> respectively, and not <span style="color: red;">{{tp|Aken}}</span>, <span style="color: red;">{{tp|Akin}}</span> and <span style="color: red;">{{tp|Akan}}</span> as in English. |
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According to Tokiponization rules, related proper nouns become the same adjective in Toki Pona. Therefore, as sulphur is {{tp|ijo Supu}}, sulphuric acid is <span style="color: green;">{{tp|[[#apo|apo]] Supu}}</span> instead of <span style="color: red;">{{tp|[[#apo|apo]] |
According to Tokiponization rules, related proper nouns become the same adjective in Toki Pona. Therefore, as sulphur is {{tp|ijo Supu}}, sulphuric acid is <span style="color: green;">{{tp|[[#apo|apo]] Supu}}</span> instead of <span style="color: red;">{{tp|[[#apo|apo]] Supuli}}</span>. |
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The special rules for Tokiponizing words through Latin (or New Latin) are as follows: |
The special rules for Tokiponizing words through Latin (or New Latin) are as follows: |
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Alternatively, the Stock nomenclature, developed by German chemist Alfred Stock, can be used. In Toki Pona, oxyacids are named as {{tp|apo [central element][oxidation state in Roman numerals, surrounded in parentheses]}}. Therefore, in this system, nitric acid is {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] Nitoken(V)}}, and the four oxyacids containing chlorine as stated above is {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] Kolin(VII)}}, {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] Kolin(V)}}, {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] Kolin(III)}} and {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] Kolin(I)}}, in that order. |
Alternatively, the Stock nomenclature, developed by German chemist Alfred Stock, can be used. In Toki Pona, oxyacids are named as {{tp|apo [central element][oxidation state in Roman numerals, surrounded in parentheses]}}. Therefore, in this system, nitric acid is {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] Nitoken(V)}}, and the four oxyacids containing chlorine as stated above is {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] Kolin(VII)}}, {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] Kolin(V)}}, {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] Kolin(III)}} and {{tp|[[#apo|apo]] Kolin(I)}}, in that order. |
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The two nomenclature systems can applied to ions from acids. In both cases, {{tp|wan Ijon}} is added to before {{tp|[[#apo|apo]]}}. Thus, in the Stock nomenclauture and the IUPAC nomenclature, the nitrate ion (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>) is {{tp|wan Ijon [[#apo|apo]] Nitoken(VII)}} and {{tp|wan Ijon [[#apo|apo]] Nitoken}} respectively. However, names of acids that are not derived through the Stock nomenclature are more common than those derived through the nomenclature, so it is recommended that the IUPAC nomenculature be used |
The two nomenclature systems can applied to ions from acids. In both cases, {{tp|wan Ijon}} is added to before {{tp|[[#apo|apo]]}}. Thus, in the Stock nomenclauture and the IUPAC nomenclature, the nitrate ion (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>) is {{tp|wan Ijon [[#apo|apo]] Nitoken(VII)}} and {{tp|wan Ijon [[#apo|apo]] Nitoken}} respectively. However, names of acids that are not derived through the Stock nomenclature are more common than those derived through the nomenclature, so it is recommended that the IUPAC nomenculature be used whenever possible. |
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=== Binary compounds === |
=== Binary compounds === |
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A binary compound is compound which consists of only two elements. Binary compounds can be divided into binary ionic compounds and binary covalent compounds, which have different naming methods. |
A binary compound is compound which consists of only two elements. Binary compounds can be divided into binary ionic compounds and binary covalent compounds, which have different naming methods. |
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==== |
==== Binary ionic compounds ==== |
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For binary ionic compounds, elements have at least one oxidation state. If an element has multiple oxidation states, it can give out or accept different numbers of electrons depending on the situation. |
For binary ionic compounds, elements have at least one oxidation state. If an element has multiple oxidation states, it can give out or accept different numbers of electrons depending on the situation. |
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* When an element usually has more than one oxidation states: |
* When an element usually has more than one oxidation states: |
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** The oxidation state should always be placed in Roman numerals after the element. For example: |
** The oxidation state should always be placed in Roman numerals after the element. For example: |
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*** Iron(II) chloride, FeCl<sub>2</sub>, is |
*** Iron(II) chloride, FeCl<sub>2</sub>, is kiwen Pelun(II) Kolin; |
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*** Iron(III) chloride, FeCl<sub>3</sub>, is |
*** Iron(III) chloride, FeCl<sub>3</sub>, is kiwen Pelun(III) Kolin; |
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*** Manganese(II) oxide, MnO, is |
*** Manganese(II) oxide, MnO, is kiwen Mankane(II) Osiken; |
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*** Manganese(III) oxide, Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, is |
*** Manganese(III) oxide, Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, is kiwen Mankane(III) Osiken; |
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*** Manganese dioxide, (or manganese(IV) oxide), MnO<sub>2</sub>, is |
*** Manganese dioxide, (or manganese(IV) oxide), MnO<sub>2</sub>, is kiwen Mankane(IV) Osiken; and |
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*** Manganese(VII) oxide, Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>, is |
*** Manganese(VII) oxide, Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>, is kiwen Mankane(VII) Osiken. |
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** Alternatively, in some compounds, there is an integral ratio of the amount of atoms of one element (B) to the amount of atoms of another element (A), such as manganese dioxide. In this case, |
** Alternatively, in some compounds, there is an integral ratio of the amount of atoms of one element (B) to the amount of atoms of another element (A), such as manganese dioxide. In this case, [kiwen/...] [element A] [the amount of atoms of A] [element B] [the amount of atoms of B] can be used. Ones can be omitted. Therefore, manganese dioxide can be expressed as kiwen Mankane Osiken tu. |
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* When an element in a binary ionic compound has an oxidation state different from its usual one(s): |
* When an element in a binary ionic compound has an oxidation state different from its usual one(s): |
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** The oxidation state should always be placed in Roman numerals after the element. For example, aluminium(II) oxide (AlO) is {{tp|kiwen Aluminijun(II) Osiken}}, while iron(II,III) oxide (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) is {{tp|kiwen Pelun(II,III) Osiken}}. |
** The oxidation state should always be placed in Roman numerals after the element. For example, aluminium(II) oxide (AlO) is {{tp|kiwen Aluminijun(II) Osiken}}, while iron(II,III) oxide (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) is {{tp|kiwen Pelun(II,III) Osiken}}. |
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For binary covalent compounds, simply state the constituents and their number in the order they are given, omitting the number one if necessary. For example: |
For binary covalent compounds, simply state the constituents and their number in the order they are given, omitting the number one if necessary. For example: |
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* Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) is |
* Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) is kon Nitoken tu Osiken; |
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* Nitric oxide or nitrogen monoxide (NO) is |
* Nitric oxide or nitrogen monoxide (NO) is kon Nitoken Osiken; |
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* Nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>) is |
* Nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>) is kon Nitoken Osiken tu; |
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* Dinitrogen trioxide (N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) is |
* Dinitrogen trioxide (N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) is kon Nitoken tu Osiken san; |
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* Dinitrogen tetroxide (N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) is |
* Dinitrogen tetroxide (N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) is kon Nitoken tu Osiken po; and |
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* Dinitrogen pentoxide (N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>) is |
* Dinitrogen pentoxide (N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>) is kon Nitoken tu Osiken luka. |
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==== Special compounds and ions ==== |
==== Special compounds and ions ==== |
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Water (H<sub>2</sub>O) is {{tp|telo}}, but {{tp|telo Akuwa}} or other names are also acceptable in cases where {{tp|telo}} alone would be ambiguous. Ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) is {{tp|kon Amonija}}, and ammonium (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>) is {{tp|wan Ijon Amonija}}. Hydroxide (OH<sup>-</sup>) is {{tp|wan Ijon Itoken Osiken}}. Cyanogen [(CN)<sub>2</sub>] is {{tp|kon Sijanoken}} and cyanide (CN |
Water (H<sub>2</sub>O) is {{tp|telo}}, but {{tp|telo Akuwa}} or other names are also acceptable in cases where {{tp|telo}} alone would be ambiguous. Ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) is {{tp|kon Amonija}}, and ammonium (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>) is {{tp|wan Ijon Amonija}}. Hydroxide (OH<sup>-</sup>) is {{tp|wan Ijon Itoken Osiken}}. Cyanogen [(CN)<sub>2</sub>] is {{tp|kon Sijanoken}} and cyanide (CN-) is {{tp|wan Ijon Sijanoken}}. |
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=== Acid salts === |
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Acid salts ({{tp|namako [[#apo|apo]]}}) are salts that produce acidic solutions. If an acid has multiple hydrogen atoms available for dissociation in one molecule, it can have any number, up to all, of its hydrogen atoms replaced by a cation to form a salt. If at least one hydrogen atom is kept for each molecule, an acid salt is formed. |
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To name non-acid salts derived from acids, see [[#Ions and salts|Ions and salts]]. To name acid salts, take note of how many hydrogen atoms and cations there are in each molecule, then name them as {{tp|[kiwen/...] [cation] [number of cations] Itoken [number of hydrogen atoms] [[#apo|apo]] [acid element]}}. Drop any ones. For example, when phosphoric acid and sodium react, three different salts can be formed, sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, {{tp|kiwen Nasijun Itoken tu [[#apo|apo]] Popolu}}), disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub>, {{tp|kiwen Nasijun tu Itoken [[#apo|apo]] Popolu}}) and trisodium phosphate (Na<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, {{tp|kiwen Nasijun san [[#apo|apo]] Popolin}}). |
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Alternatively, for acid salts, the {{tp|Itoken}} part can be omitted, but the number of cations must be shown in all cases. Therefore, the first two compounds above can be referred to as {{tp|kiwen Nasijun wan [[#apo|apo]] Popolu}} and {{tp|kiwen Nasijun tu [[#apo|apo]] Popolu}} respectively. Also, as already mentioned in [[#Ions and salts|Ions and salts]], trisodium phosphate can also be called {{tp|kiwen Nasijun [[#apo|apo]] Popolu}}. The former usages aligns with the IUPAC, and the latter with common usage. |
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=== Hydrates === |
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In inorganic chemistry, a hydrate ({{tp|namako telo}}) is a salt that contains water molecules in a specific ratio. Such water molecules are called water of crystallization. |
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Chemical formulae of hydrated salts are usually written as [hydrated compound]⋅''n''H<sub>2</sub>O, where ''n'' is an integer or a fraction. When naming hydrated salts in Toki Pona, {{tp|[hydrated compound] poka telo n}} is used. |
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For example, since cobalt(II) chloride is {{tp|kiwen Kopa(II) Kolin}}, cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate (CoCl<sub>2</sub>⋅6H<sub>2</sub>O) is {{tp|kiwen Kopa(II) Kolin poka telo luka wan}}. Since copper(II) sulphate is {{tp|kiwen Kupun(II) [[#apo|apo]] Supu}}, copper(II) sulphate pentahydrate (CuSO<sub>4</sub>⋅5H<sub>2</sub>O) is {{tp|kiwen Kupun(II) [[#apo|apo]] Supu poka telo luka}}. |
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Anhydrates ({{tp|namako pi telo ala}}) are hydrates that have lost water. To name an anhydrate in Toki Pona, add {{tp|kan/poka telo ala}} to the name of the compound. Therefore, anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride is {{tp|kiwen Kopa(II) Kolin poka telo ala}}, and anhydrous copper(II) sulphate is {{tp|kiwen Kupun(II) [[#apo|apo]] Supu poka telo ala}}. |
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== Organic chemistry == |
== Organic chemistry == |
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== Appendices == |
== Appendices == |
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=== Dictionary === |
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Listed below are definitions for non-{{tp|pu}} ([[Toki Pona: The Language of Good|''Toki Pona: The Language of Good'']]) {{tp|ku}} (the [[Toki Pona Dictionary|''Toki Pona Dictionary'']]) words. Definitions are taken from [[Linku]] licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareSlike Licenses 3.0 and 4.0, with definitions coined specifically for this document colored in red. |
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==== namako ==== |
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{{tp|[[namako]]}} - ''~pre-pu, ku suli~'' - {see [[sin]]} | ALT embellishment, spice; extra, additional | <span style="color: red;">salt (a type of compound obtained from an acid reacting with a base)</span> |
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: ← Hindi {{lang|hi|नमक}} namak 'salt' (← Persian {{lang|fa|نمک}} namak 'salt') or Persian {{lang|fa|نمک}} namak 'salt' |
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Coined: {{tp|jan Sonja}}, 2009 |
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==== po ==== |
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{{tp|[[po]]}} - ''~pre-pu, ku lili~'' four |
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: ← English {{lang|en|four}} |
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: Coined: {{tp|jan Sonja}}, 2001 |
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==== san ==== |
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{{tp|[[san]]}} - ''~post-pu, ku lili~'' three |
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: ← Japanese {{lang|ja|三}} san 'three' & Cantonese {{lang|yue|三}}/{{lang|yue|叁}} sāam |
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: Coined: {{tp|jan Lenoka}}, {{tp|jan Wesu}}, 2019 |
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=== ''nimisins'' === |
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A ''nimisin'' is a Toki Pona neologism. The exact definition varies; it may refer to Toki Pona words not included in {{tp|pu}}, or those outside of {{tp|ku}}. This document considers all Toki Pona words outside of {{tp|ku}} to be nimisins. |
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The level of acceptance of ''nimisins'' differs between each person. Some may only use words from {{tp|pu}} or {{tp|ku}}, while others use ''nimisins'' only if no other appropriate words exist, and some even favor the concept and usage of ''nimisins'', even if they are obscure. |
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Unfortunately, it is difficult to express some chemical concepts without resorting to ''nimisins'', which is why some have been coined for this document. |
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Listed below are ''nimisins'' that are used in this document, sorted in alphabetical order. |
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==== apo ==== |
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{{tp|apo}} - ''~post-ku~'' - acid (any compound that reacts with bases to form salts) |
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: ← Finnish {{lang|fi|happo}} 'acid' |
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: Coined: {{tp|jan Maku}}, 2022<ref group="note" name="nimisin2022" >The original document was created in 2022, so it is natural that these ''nimisins'', which were coined for the document, were invented in the same year. This page is only a (partial) publicization of that document.</ref> |
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==== enki ==== |
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{{tp|enki}} - ''~post-ku~'' - base (any compound that reacts with acids to form salts) |
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: ← Japanese {{lang|ja|塩基}} enki 'base' |
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: Coined: {{tp|jan Maku}}, 2022<ref group="note" name="nimisin2022" /> |
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=== Rules for transcription into Toki Pona === |
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This set of guidelines was written by Sonja Lang for her book ''Toki Pona: The Language of Good''.<ref name="tpize">{{cite web|url=https://jan-ne.github.io/tp/tpize|title=Proper Names|website={{tok|lipu pi jan Ne}}|author=Sonja Lang}}</ref> |
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==== General rules ==== |
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* It is always better to translate the "idea" of a foreign word before attempting to create a new phonetic transcription that may not be recognizable by everyone. (Example: Jean Chrétien, Prime Minister of Canada, becomes {{tp|jan lawa pi ma Kanata}}, rather than {{tp|jan Kesijen}}) |
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* Use the native pronunciation as a basis, rather than the spelling. |
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* If more than one language is spoken locally, use the dominant one. |
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* If it does not belong to any one language, use an international form. (Example: Atlantik becomes {{tp|Alansi}}) |
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* Use the colloquial pronunciation that locals actually and commonly use, rather than the "proper" or standard pronunciation. (Example: Toronto becomes {{tp|Towano}}, not {{tp|Tolonto}}) |
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* If a person chooses to have a Toki Pona name, he can choose whatever he wants and does not necessarily have to follow these guidelines. |
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* Names of nations, languages, religions have already been established. If one is missing from the official list, make a suggestion on the Toki Pona discussion list. |
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* If possible, find a common root between the name of the nation, the language and the people. (Example: England, English, and English(wo)man provide {{tp|Inli}}.) |
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* Cities and locations can be given a Toki Pona name, but they will only have an official name if they are internationally known. |
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* If full Tokiponization would compromise intelligibility, you can always leave a foreign name as is. |
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==== Phonetic Guidelines ==== |
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* Voiced plosives become voiceless. (Example: b > {{tp|p}}, d > {{tp|t}}, g > {{tp|k}}) |
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* [v] becomes {{tp|w}}. |
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* [f] becomes {{tp|p}}. |
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* The trilled or tapped [r] of most world languages becomes {{tp|l}}. |
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* The approximant r of languages like English becomes {{tp|w}}. |
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* Any uvular or velar consonant becomes {{tp|k}}, including the French or German {{tp|r}}. |
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* At the end of a word, The sh sound may be converted to {{tp|si}}. (Example: Lush > {{tp|Lusi}}) |
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* The schwa can become any vowel in Toki Pona and is often influenced by neighboring vowels for cute reduplication. |
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* It is better to keep the same number of syllables and drop a consonant than add a new vowel. (Example: Chuck becomes {{tp|Sa}}, not {{tp|Saku}}) |
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* When dealing with consonant clusters, the dominant plosive is generally kept, dropping fricatives such as [s] and laterals such as [l] first (Example: Esperanto becomes {{tp|Epelanto}}). You may also choose to keep the consonant at the head of the new syllable (Example: Atling becomes {{tp|Alin}}). |
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* Approximants like [j] and [w] in consonant clusters can either be converted into a syllable of their own (Swe becomes {{tp|Suwe}}; Pju becomes {{tp|Piju}}) or dropped entirely (Swe becomes {{tp|Se}}; Pju becomes {{tp|Pu}}). |
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* In some cases, it is better to change the letter order slightly, rather than dropping a sound. (Ex: Lubnan becomes {{tp|Lunpan}}, not {{tp|Lupan}} or {{tp|Lunan}}) |
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* Dental fricatives such as English th can either convert to {{tp|t}} or {{tp|s}}. |
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* The illegal syllables ti, wo and wu convert to {{tp|si}}, {{tp|o}} and {{tp|u}}. (Example: Antarctica becomes {{tp|Antasika}}) |
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* Affricates generally convert to fricatives. (Example: John becomes {{tp|San}}, not {{tp|Tan}}) |
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* Any nasal consonant at the end of a syllable converts to {{tp|n}}. (Example: Fam becomes {{tp|Pan}}) |
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* Nasal vowels (in French and Portuguese) also convert to syllable-final {{tp|n}}. |
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* If necessary to preserve proper syllable structure, the consonant {{tp|w}} or {{tp|j}} can be inserted as a euphonic glide. (Example: Tai bccomes {{tp|Tawi}}; Nihon becomes {{tp|Nijon}}; Eom becomes {{tp|Ejon}}). It may also be possible to relocate a consonant that would have otherwise been dropped in the conversion. (Example: Monkeal becomes {{tp|Monkela}}, not {{tp|Monkeja}}; Euska becomes {{tp|Esuka}}) |
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* Voiceless lateral consonants convert to {{tp|s}}. |
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* If necessary, you may want to tweak a word to avoid a potentially misleading homonym. If possible, use a related word in the source language rather than introducing an arbitrary change. |
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== Notes == |
== Notes == |
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<references group="note" /> |
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== References == |
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<references /> |
<references /> |
Latest revision as of 07:06, 15 May 2024
Preface
This is an attempt to establish a system of inorganic and organic chemical nomenclature in Toki Pona. It is written to test how good Toki Pona is at naming scientific (specifically chemical) concepts using as few neologisms as possible.
To aid reading, Toki Pona text or text meant to be written in Toki Pona will be marked in a template, such as toki pona li lon lipu ni. The reader may set a custom CSS syntax for the language code if italics text is insufficient.
Standard examples are shown in green, while nonstandard examples are shown in red and acceptable but not favored examples are shown in gray. All occurences of nimisins (Toki Pona neologisms, see nimisins) used in this document are linked to their definitions in nimisins.
The names of all chemical elements and compounds will follow the IUPAC standard unless otherwise stated. The reader is reminded that this nomenclature set out in this page is not the only option, and that lexicalization is discouraged. However, should any consistency errors appear in this document, please inform me.
Basic nomenclature
Elements
An element (ijo nasin) is a substance in which all of its atoms have the same number of protons.
The Toki Pona names of all 118 known elements are shown in the table below (Z = atomic number).
Z | Symbol | Toki Pona name |
---|---|---|
1 | H | Itoken |
2 | He | Elijun |
3 | Li | Lisijun |
4 | Be | Pelilijun |
5 | B | Polon |
6 | C | Kapon |
7 | N | Nitoken |
8 | O | Osiken |
9 | F | Polin |
10 | Ne | Nejon |
11 | Na | Nasijun (from Latin natrium) |
12 | Mg | Manesijun |
13 | Al | Aluminijun |
14 | Si | Silikon |
15 | P | Popolu |
16 | S | Supu |
17 | Cl | Kolin |
18 | Ar | Akon |
19 | K | Kalijun (from Latin kalium) |
20 | Ca | Kakijun |
21 | Sc | Kansijun |
22 | Ti | Sitanijun |
23 | V | Wanasijun |
24 | Cr | Komijun |
25 | Mn | Mankane |
26 | Fe | Pelun (from Latin ferrum) |
27 | Co | Kopa |
28 | Ni | Nike |
29 | Cu | Kupun (from Latin cuprum) |
30 | Zn | Sinku[note 1] |
31 | Ga | Kalun[note 2] |
32 | Ge | Kemanijun |
33 | As | Aseni |
34 | Se | Selenijun |
35 | Br | Pomin |
36 | Kr | Kiton |
37 | Rb | Lupisijun |
38 | Sr | Tonsijun |
39 | Y | Isijun |
40 | Zr | Sikonijun |
41 | Nb | Nijopijun |
42 | Mo | Molitenun |
43 | Tc | Tenesijun |
44 | Ru | Lutenijun |
45 | Rh | Losijun |
46 | Pd | Palasijun |
47 | Ag | Akentun (from Latin argentum) |
48 | Cd | Kamijun |
49 | In | Insijun |
50 | Sn | Tanun (from Latin stannum) |
51 | Sb | Sipijun (from Latin stibium) |
52 | Te | Telulijun |
53 | I | Ijosin |
54 | Xe | Senon |
55 | Cs | Kesijun |
56 | Ba | Palijun |
57 | La | Lantanun |
58 | Ce | Kelijun |
59 | Pr | Pasejosimijun |
60 | Nd | Nejosimijun |
61 | Pm | Pomesijun |
62 | Sm | Samalijun |
63 | Eu | Elopijun |
64 | Gd | Katolinijun |
65 | Tb | Tepijun |
66 | Dy | Siposijun |
67 | Ho | Omijun |
68 | Er | Epijun |
69 | Tm | Tulijun |
70 | Yb | Itepijun |
71 | Lu | Lutesijun |
72 | Hf | Anijun |
73 | Ta | Tantalun |
74 | W | Opan (from German wolfram) |
75 | Re | Lenijun |
76 | Os | Osijun[note 3] |
77 | Ir | Ilisijun |
78 | Pt | Pasinun |
79 | Au | Alun (from Latin aurum) |
80 | Hg | Mekuli/Itakilun (Mekuli is from English "mercury"; Itakilun is from Latin hydragyrum) |
81 | Tl | Talijun |
82 | Pb | Punpun (from Latin plumbum) |
83 | Bi | Pimu |
84 | Po | Polonijun |
85 | At | Atasin |
86 | Rn | Laton |
87 | Fr | Pankijun |
88 | Ra | Lasijun |
89 | Ac | Asinijun |
90 | Th | Tolijun |
91 | Pa | Potasinijun |
92 | U | Ulanijun |
93 | Np | Netunijun |
94 | Pu | Putonijun |
95 | Am | Amelikijun |
96 | Cm | Kulijun |
97 | Bk | Pekelijun |
98 | Cf | Kaliponijun |
99 | Es | Ensenijun |
100 | Fm | Pemijun |
101 | Md | Mentelewijun |
102 | No | Nopelijun |
103 | Lr | Lalenkijun |
104 | Rf | Luteposijun |
105 | Db | Tunpijun |
106 | Sg | Sepokijun |
107 | Bh | Polijun |
108 | Hs | Asijun |
109 | Mt | Menelijun |
110 | Ds | Tantasijun |
111 | Rg | Lonkenijun |
112 | Cn | Kopenikijun |
113 | Nh | Nijonijun |
114 | Fl | Pelowijun |
115 | Mc | Mokowijun |
116 | Lv | Liwemowijun |
117 | Ts | Tenesin |
118 | Og | Okaneson |
When referring to these elements, ijo nasin [name] or ijo [name] can be used. This document will use ijo [name] throughout.
Approaches that do not use proper names exist, such as this Reddit post by jan Melon.
Numerals
- See the article Number systems for more information.
There are four official numerals in pu, ala (no; zero), wan (one), tu (two) and mute (at least three). A more systematic number system is used by a big part of the Toki Pona community, in which luka is redefined as five, mute as twenty, and ale/ali as one hundred. Numerals are strung together and ordered from largest to smallest. For example, seven is luka tu, and thirty six is mute luka luka luka wan.
However, two more numerals are featured in ku, san and po, as nimi ku pi suli ala. They mean three and four, and replace tu wan and tu tu, respectively. This document will use the numerals ala, wan, tu, san, po, luka, mute and ale throughout.
The reader is reminded that any number system is acceptable as long as it can be understood.
Tokiponization
- See the section Names for more information.
Tokiponization is the act of transcribing a foreign word into Toki Pona's phonology and phonotactics. All words created this way act as adjectives and must describe another word, usually a noun. For specific rules about Tokiponization, see Rules for transcription into Toki Pona.
When Tokiponizing chemical terminology, make sure it can be expressed as other words (Tokiponized or not), so although ijo Itokapon and ijo Itoken Kapon are both acceptable names for hydrocarbon, ijo Itoken Kapon is prioritized.
If, however, a term must be Tokiponized and it cannot be expressed with other Tokiponized terms, Latin (or New Latin) takes precedence over any other language, so alkane, alkene and alkyne use Akan, Aken and Akin respectively, and not Aken, Akin and Akan as in English.
According to Tokiponization rules, related proper nouns become the same adjective in Toki Pona. Therefore, as sulphur is ijo Supu, sulphuric acid is apo Supu instead of apo Supuli.
The special rules for Tokiponizing words through Latin (or New Latin) are as follows:
- b, f and ph become p.
- d and th become t.
- g and c become k.
- y becomes j.
- r becomes l, from the trilled [r].
- x, z and sh become s.
- h becomes w or j depending on the next vowel. If the next vowel is a or e, h becomes w. Any h at the start of a word is omitted.
Vowel clusters
The table below shows which syllable(s) should be used when merging a vowel cluster between two roots.
Second vowel | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | e | i | o | u | ||
First vowel |
a | a/aja | aje | awi | ajo | aju |
e | eja | e/eje | ewi | ejo | eju | |
i | ija | ije | i/iwi | ijo | iju | |
o | owa | owe | owi | o/ojo | oju | |
u | uwa | uwe | uwi | ujo | u/uju |
For two identical consecutive vowels, the shorter combination is to be used unless doing so would compromise interpretability.
Inorganic chemistry
Inorganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that focuses on compounds that are not carbon-based.
Ions and salts
An atom turns into an ion (wan Ijon) when it gains or loses electrons, from which it is called an anion (wan Ijon monsi) or cation (wan Ijon sinpin) respectively.
Ions can be referred to with wan Ijon [element]. For example, the sodium ion (Na+) is wan Ijon Nasijun, while the fluoride ion (F−) is wan Ijon Polin.
Anions and cations bond together to form salts (namako). When naming salts, put the cation first and the anion last, excluding any head nouns. namako or any other suitable word can be used as the salt's head noun. For example, sodium chloride (NaCl) is (namako/kiwen/...) Nasijun Kolin.
If the salt is formed from an acid (see #Acids and bases), its anion is simply the name of that acid. The anion formed from an acid is called wan Ijon [name of the acid]. For example, the sulphate ion (SO4-) is wan Ijon apo Supu, while copper sulphate (CuSO4) is kiwen Kupun apo Supu.
Acids and bases
Acids and bases have varying definitions, each for its own purpose. The simplest definition is that an acid (apo) is any compound that dissociates in water to yield hydronium ions, and a base (enki) is any compound that dissociates in water to yield hydroxide ions.
When naming acids, use their IUPAC preferred names as a reference. If only one element is used in its English name, then include it in the Toki Pona name too. If there are multiple elements, include all of them in the order they are given. All acids have apo as their head noun. For example, sulphuric acid (H2SO4) is apo Supu, hydrochloric acid (HCl) is apo Itoken Kolin, and chromic acid (H2CrO4) is apo Komijun.
If there is a number in the acid's English name (like dichromic acid), convert that number into Toki Pona and place it after the element, but place pi after apo. The reason why pi should be inserted is that not doing so would lead to potential ambiguity. Therefore, dichromic acid (H2Cr2O7) is apo pi Komijun tu.
Oxyacids
Oxyacids (apo Osiken) are acids that contain oxygen, or more specifically, hydrogen, oxygen and one other element (which will be called the central atom). As some elements can form multiple oxyacids, it is necessary to differentiate them.
- When only one oxyacid can be formed from one element:
- Name the acid apo [central element].
- When only two oxyacids can be formed from one element:
- When more than two oxyacids can be formed from one element:
- Take note of the oxidation state of the central element in each oxyacid. Name the oxyacids, from the one where the central atom has the highest oxidation state to the one where the central atom has the lowest oxidation state, apo [central element] sewi, apo [central element], apo [central element] anpa and apo [central element] noka. For example:
Alternatively, the Stock nomenclature, developed by German chemist Alfred Stock, can be used. In Toki Pona, oxyacids are named as apo [central element][oxidation state in Roman numerals, surrounded in parentheses]. Therefore, in this system, nitric acid is apo Nitoken(V), and the four oxyacids containing chlorine as stated above is apo Kolin(VII), apo Kolin(V), apo Kolin(III) and apo Kolin(I), in that order.
The two nomenclature systems can applied to ions from acids. In both cases, wan Ijon is added to before apo. Thus, in the Stock nomenclauture and the IUPAC nomenclature, the nitrate ion (NO3-) is wan Ijon apo Nitoken(VII) and wan Ijon apo Nitoken respectively. However, names of acids that are not derived through the Stock nomenclature are more common than those derived through the nomenclature, so it is recommended that the IUPAC nomenculature be used whenever possible.
Binary compounds
A binary compound is compound which consists of only two elements. Binary compounds can be divided into binary ionic compounds and binary covalent compounds, which have different naming methods.
Binary ionic compounds
For binary ionic compounds, elements have at least one oxidation state. If an element has multiple oxidation states, it can give out or accept different numbers of electrons depending on the situation.
- When an element usually only has one oxidation state:
- Do not place the oxidation state in Roman numerals after the element. For example, sodium chloride (NaCl) is kiwen Nasijun Kolin instead of kiwen Nasijun(I) Kolin, and beryllium fluoride (BeF2) is kiwen Pelilijun Polin instead of kiwen Pelilijun(II) Polin.
- When an element usually has more than one oxidation states:
- The oxidation state should always be placed in Roman numerals after the element. For example:
- Iron(II) chloride, FeCl2, is kiwen Pelun(II) Kolin;
- Iron(III) chloride, FeCl3, is kiwen Pelun(III) Kolin;
- Manganese(II) oxide, MnO, is kiwen Mankane(II) Osiken;
- Manganese(III) oxide, Mn2O3, is kiwen Mankane(III) Osiken;
- Manganese dioxide, (or manganese(IV) oxide), MnO2, is kiwen Mankane(IV) Osiken; and
- Manganese(VII) oxide, Mn2O7, is kiwen Mankane(VII) Osiken.
- Alternatively, in some compounds, there is an integral ratio of the amount of atoms of one element (B) to the amount of atoms of another element (A), such as manganese dioxide. In this case, [kiwen/...] [element A] [the amount of atoms of A] [element B] [the amount of atoms of B] can be used. Ones can be omitted. Therefore, manganese dioxide can be expressed as kiwen Mankane Osiken tu.
- The oxidation state should always be placed in Roman numerals after the element. For example:
- When an element in a binary ionic compound has an oxidation state different from its usual one(s):
- The oxidation state should always be placed in Roman numerals after the element. For example, aluminium(II) oxide (AlO) is kiwen Aluminijun(II) Osiken, while iron(II,III) oxide (Fe3O4) is kiwen Pelun(II,III) Osiken.
- Ions can also be named using the methods stated above. For example, iron(II) (Fe2+) is wan Ijon Pelun(II), while iron(III) (Fe3+) is wan Ijon Pelun(III).
Binary covalent compounds
For binary covalent compounds, simply state the constituents and their number in the order they are given, omitting the number one if necessary. For example:
- Nitrous oxide (N2O) is kon Nitoken tu Osiken;
- Nitric oxide or nitrogen monoxide (NO) is kon Nitoken Osiken;
- Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is kon Nitoken Osiken tu;
- Dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3) is kon Nitoken tu Osiken san;
- Dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) is kon Nitoken tu Osiken po; and
- Dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) is kon Nitoken tu Osiken luka.
Special compounds and ions
Water (H2O) is telo, but telo Akuwa or other names are also acceptable in cases where telo alone would be ambiguous. Ammonia (NH3) is kon Amonija, and ammonium (NH4+) is wan Ijon Amonija. Hydroxide (OH-) is wan Ijon Itoken Osiken. Cyanogen [(CN)2] is kon Sijanoken and cyanide (CN-) is wan Ijon Sijanoken.
Acid salts
Acid salts (namako apo) are salts that produce acidic solutions. If an acid has multiple hydrogen atoms available for dissociation in one molecule, it can have any number, up to all, of its hydrogen atoms replaced by a cation to form a salt. If at least one hydrogen atom is kept for each molecule, an acid salt is formed.
To name non-acid salts derived from acids, see Ions and salts. To name acid salts, take note of how many hydrogen atoms and cations there are in each molecule, then name them as [kiwen/...] [cation] [number of cations] Itoken [number of hydrogen atoms] apo [acid element]. Drop any ones. For example, when phosphoric acid and sodium react, three different salts can be formed, sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4, kiwen Nasijun Itoken tu apo Popolu), disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4, kiwen Nasijun tu Itoken apo Popolu) and trisodium phosphate (Na3PO4, kiwen Nasijun san apo Popolin).
Alternatively, for acid salts, the Itoken part can be omitted, but the number of cations must be shown in all cases. Therefore, the first two compounds above can be referred to as kiwen Nasijun wan apo Popolu and kiwen Nasijun tu apo Popolu respectively. Also, as already mentioned in Ions and salts, trisodium phosphate can also be called kiwen Nasijun apo Popolu. The former usages aligns with the IUPAC, and the latter with common usage.
Hydrates
In inorganic chemistry, a hydrate (namako telo) is a salt that contains water molecules in a specific ratio. Such water molecules are called water of crystallization.
Chemical formulae of hydrated salts are usually written as [hydrated compound]⋅nH2O, where n is an integer or a fraction. When naming hydrated salts in Toki Pona, [hydrated compound] poka telo n is used.
For example, since cobalt(II) chloride is kiwen Kopa(II) Kolin, cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate (CoCl2⋅6H2O) is kiwen Kopa(II) Kolin poka telo luka wan. Since copper(II) sulphate is kiwen Kupun(II) apo Supu, copper(II) sulphate pentahydrate (CuSO4⋅5H2O) is kiwen Kupun(II) apo Supu poka telo luka.
Anhydrates (namako pi telo ala) are hydrates that have lost water. To name an anhydrate in Toki Pona, add kan/poka telo ala to the name of the compound. Therefore, anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride is kiwen Kopa(II) Kolin poka telo ala, and anhydrous copper(II) sulphate is kiwen Kupun(II) apo Supu poka telo ala.
Organic chemistry
Appendices
Dictionary
Listed below are definitions for non-pu (Toki Pona: The Language of Good) ku (the Toki Pona Dictionary) words. Definitions are taken from Linku licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareSlike Licenses 3.0 and 4.0, with definitions coined specifically for this document colored in red.
namako
namako - ~pre-pu, ku suli~ - {see sin} | ALT embellishment, spice; extra, additional | salt (a type of compound obtained from an acid reacting with a base)
- ← Hindi नमक namak 'salt' (← Persian نمک namak 'salt') or Persian نمک namak 'salt'
Coined: jan Sonja, 2009
po
po - ~pre-pu, ku lili~ four
- ← English four
- Coined: jan Sonja, 2001
san
san - ~post-pu, ku lili~ three
- ← Japanese 三 san 'three' & Cantonese 三/叁 sāam
- Coined: jan Lenoka, jan Wesu, 2019
nimisins
A nimisin is a Toki Pona neologism. The exact definition varies; it may refer to Toki Pona words not included in pu, or those outside of ku. This document considers all Toki Pona words outside of ku to be nimisins.
The level of acceptance of nimisins differs between each person. Some may only use words from pu or ku, while others use nimisins only if no other appropriate words exist, and some even favor the concept and usage of nimisins, even if they are obscure.
Unfortunately, it is difficult to express some chemical concepts without resorting to nimisins, which is why some have been coined for this document.
Listed below are nimisins that are used in this document, sorted in alphabetical order.
apo
apo - ~post-ku~ - acid (any compound that reacts with bases to form salts)
- ← Finnish happo 'acid'
- Coined: jan Maku, 2022[note 4]
enki
enki - ~post-ku~ - base (any compound that reacts with acids to form salts)
- ← Japanese 塩基 enki 'base'
- Coined: jan Maku, 2022[note 4]
Rules for transcription into Toki Pona
This set of guidelines was written by Sonja Lang for her book Toki Pona: The Language of Good.[1]
General rules
- It is always better to translate the "idea" of a foreign word before attempting to create a new phonetic transcription that may not be recognizable by everyone. (Example: Jean Chrétien, Prime Minister of Canada, becomes jan lawa pi ma Kanata, rather than jan Kesijen)
- Use the native pronunciation as a basis, rather than the spelling.
- If more than one language is spoken locally, use the dominant one.
- If it does not belong to any one language, use an international form. (Example: Atlantik becomes Alansi)
- Use the colloquial pronunciation that locals actually and commonly use, rather than the "proper" or standard pronunciation. (Example: Toronto becomes Towano, not Tolonto)
- If a person chooses to have a Toki Pona name, he can choose whatever he wants and does not necessarily have to follow these guidelines.
- Names of nations, languages, religions have already been established. If one is missing from the official list, make a suggestion on the Toki Pona discussion list.
- If possible, find a common root between the name of the nation, the language and the people. (Example: England, English, and English(wo)man provide Inli.)
- Cities and locations can be given a Toki Pona name, but they will only have an official name if they are internationally known.
- If full Tokiponization would compromise intelligibility, you can always leave a foreign name as is.
Phonetic Guidelines
- Voiced plosives become voiceless. (Example: b > p, d > t, g > k)
- [v] becomes w.
- [f] becomes p.
- The trilled or tapped [r] of most world languages becomes l.
- The approximant r of languages like English becomes w.
- Any uvular or velar consonant becomes k, including the French or German r.
- At the end of a word, The sh sound may be converted to si. (Example: Lush > Lusi)
- The schwa can become any vowel in Toki Pona and is often influenced by neighboring vowels for cute reduplication.
- It is better to keep the same number of syllables and drop a consonant than add a new vowel. (Example: Chuck becomes Sa, not Saku)
- When dealing with consonant clusters, the dominant plosive is generally kept, dropping fricatives such as [s] and laterals such as [l] first (Example: Esperanto becomes Epelanto). You may also choose to keep the consonant at the head of the new syllable (Example: Atling becomes Alin).
- Approximants like [j] and [w] in consonant clusters can either be converted into a syllable of their own (Swe becomes Suwe; Pju becomes Piju) or dropped entirely (Swe becomes Se; Pju becomes Pu).
- In some cases, it is better to change the letter order slightly, rather than dropping a sound. (Ex: Lubnan becomes Lunpan, not Lupan or Lunan)
- Dental fricatives such as English th can either convert to t or s.
- The illegal syllables ti, wo and wu convert to si, o and u. (Example: Antarctica becomes Antasika)
- Affricates generally convert to fricatives. (Example: John becomes San, not Tan)
- Any nasal consonant at the end of a syllable converts to n. (Example: Fam becomes Pan)
- Nasal vowels (in French and Portuguese) also convert to syllable-final n.
- If necessary to preserve proper syllable structure, the consonant w or j can be inserted as a euphonic glide. (Example: Tai bccomes Tawi; Nihon becomes Nijon; Eom becomes Ejon). It may also be possible to relocate a consonant that would have otherwise been dropped in the conversion. (Example: Monkeal becomes Monkela, not Monkeja; Euska becomes Esuka)
- Voiceless lateral consonants convert to s.
- If necessary, you may want to tweak a word to avoid a potentially misleading homonym. If possible, use a related word in the source language rather than introducing an arbitrary change.
Notes
- ↑ Since sin is already a content word, the name for zinc is modified.
- ↑ Since Kalijun is already taken for potassium, the name for gallium is modified.
- ↑ Since Omijun is already taken for holmium, the name for osmium is modified.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 The original document was created in 2022, so it is natural that these nimisins, which were coined for the document, were invented in the same year. This page is only a (partial) publicization of that document.
References
- ↑ Sonja Lang. "Proper Names". lipu pi jan Ne.