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{{Needs work}}
{{nimi
| image = 2021-11-06 Bornumer Holz 01.JPG
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'''{{tp|anu}}''' is a [[particle]] used to indicate alternatives, corresponding with the English conjunctions{{w|conjunction}}s "''or"'' ({{w|exclusive disjunction}}) and "''and/or"'' ({{w|inclusive disjunction}}).
 
==Function==
Line 11 ⟶ 10:
{{Main|Questions}}
 
The particle {{tp|anu}} is most commonly used in the phrase {{tp|anu seme}} to form {{w|tag question}}s.{{citation needed|reason=This is true, but to be demonstrated would require a precise statistical analysis.}} This literally means "or what?" and it is one of two ways to form {{w|yes-or-no questions}} in Toki Pona.
 
{{Example
|ona li jan pona <mark>anu seme?</mark>
|They are a good person, aren't they?<br/>Are they a good person?
|ona li jan-pona <mark>anu seme</mark>
}}
 
===Either/or questionsDisjunction===
{{tp|anu}} is used to indicate an alternative among multiple things, either as a question or a statement. It replaces other particles ({{tp|[[en]]}}, {{tp|[[li]]}}, {{tp|[[e]]}}) or any [[preposition]], as when repeating them to introduce another [[subject]], [[predicate]], or [[object]]. For example:
It is debatable and controversial whether {{tp|anu}} is able to form questions on its own, without {{tp|seme}} or the X-{{tp|ala}}-X format.
 
Introducing another subject:
===Statements===
{{Needs work|empty section|section}}
 
{{Example
=={{tp|pu}} usage==
|sina <mark>anu</mark> jan sina li jo e jaki Mesotelijoma la sina ken kama jo e mani mute.<ref>{{cite YouTube|date=2023-04-08|id=8JygA930ydc|title=jaki Mesotelijoma|trans-title=Mesothelioma|lang=tok|author={{tok|jan Salo}}|channel=Syro33|handle=syro33|access-date=2024-02-07}}</ref>
In the book {{pu|en}}, the word {{tp|anu}} is defined, but not explained outside of its role in [[Questions#anu|{{tp|anu seme}} tag questions]]. The book only provides 2 sentences containing {{tp|anu}} without {{tp|anu seme}}:
|If you or someone you're related to has mesothelioma, you can receive a lot of money.<br>
If you or a loved one was diagnosed with mesothelioma, you may be entitled to financial compensation.
|sina <mark>anu </mark> jan sina li jo e jaki [mi en sina o tawa esun lili insa jaki o moli a] la sina ken kama jo e mani mute
}}
 
Introducing another predicate:
 
{{Example
|toki pona li nasin toki suli <mark>anu</mark> toki lili suwi taso?<ref>{{cite web|website=lipu tenpo|author=jan Telakoman|date=2021|url=https://wikisource.org/wiki/Lipu_tenpo/nanpa_akesi|title=lipu tenpo o kama pona!|urldate=2024-02-06}}</ref>
|mi kute e mije anu meli.
|Is Toki Pona a serious way of speaking or just a cute little language?
|I hear a man or a woman. (answer to Lesson 7)
|toki-pona li nasin toki suli <mark>anu </mark> toki lili suwi taso
}}
 
Introducing another direct object:
 
{{Example
|ona li kama e pilin ike <mark>anu</mark> pilin pona la ni li suli ala.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tokipona.org/sitata/|title=jan Sitata|author=Herman Hesse, tr. jan Kala|website=toki.pona.org|date=2022}}</ref>
|wile sona nanpa wan li ni: ale li pona anu ike?
|Whether it brings pain or pleasure, this is unimportant.<br/>
|The most fundamental question we can ever ask ourselves is whether or not the universe we live in is friendly or hostile. (Quote misattributed to {{w|Albert Einstein}})
It doesn't matter whether it brings pain or pleasure.
|ona li kama e pilin-ike <mark>anu </mark> pilin-pona la ni li suli ala
}}
 
Introducing another prepositional phrase:
===Possible analyses===
 
* In the first sentence, {{tp|anu}} is presented as a statement. It might still act as a kind of chioce and could in some way work as a question.
{{Example
* While in the second sentence, {{tp|anu}} is presented as a question. It is not clear whether {{tp|anu}} is responsible for forming this question, or if the phrase {{tp|wile sona}} is. That sentence is also not question in the English translation. Although this arises out of the reformulation of format. A literal translation may include a question: "the foremost question is this: is the universe good or bad?"
|jan li ken musi e ona kepeken toki Inli <mark>anu</mark> toki Nijon <mark>anu</mark> toki Kanse <mark>anu</mark> toki Epanja... <mark>anu</mark> toki pona kin a!<ref>{{cite web|title=musi pi alasa sona|author=jan Ke Tami|date=2021|website=lipu tenpo|url=https://wikisource.org/wiki/Lipu_tenpo/nanpa_toki|urldate=2024-02-06}}</ref>
|Folks can play it in English, or in Japanese, or in French, or in Spanish... or even in Toki Pona!
|jan li ken musi e ona kepeken toki [INLI] <mark>anu </mark> toki [NIJON] <mark>anu </mark> toki [KANSE] <mark>anu </mark> toki [EPANJA]. . . <mark>anu </mark> toki-pona kin a
}}
 
Introducing another modifier:
 
{{Example
|jan li wile sona e ni taso: ijo ala <mark>anu</mark> wan <mark>anu</mark> tu <mark>anu</mark> mute li lon?<ref>{{cite web|author=jan Kita|date=2021-09-21|url=https://lipukule.org/post/2021/09/21/nasin-nanpa-mute-li-lon/|urldate=2024-02-06|title=nasin nanpa mute li lon|website=lipu kule}}</ref>
|People only want to know this: nothing, or one, or two, or many things are present?
|jan li wile sona e ni2 taso {{idsp}} ijo ala <mark>anu </mark> wan <mark>anu </mark> tu <mark>anu </mark> mute li lon
}}
 
The phrase {{tp|anu seme}} is sometimes added on to the end of a series of alternatives to leave the question open or to indicate uncertainty on a topic. For example:
 
{{Example
|ona li ilo <mark>anu</mark> moku <mark>anu seme? </mark><ref>{{cite web|author=jan Pensa|url=https://utala.pona.la/toki-en-lipu/lipu-suli/mi-en-waso-Kaka.html|title=mi en waso Kaka en monsuta pi ma kasi|website={{tok|utala musi pi ma pona}}|date=2023-07-15|access-date=2023-11-10}}</ref>
|Is it a tool or food or what?
|ona li ilo <mark>anu </mark> moku <mark>anu seme</mark>
}}
 
{{Example
|mi sona ala e ni: tenpo li suno <mark>anu</mark> pimeja.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://utala.pona.la/toki-en-lipu/lipu-suli/nasi.html|author=jan Kepe|title=Nasi|website={{tok|utala musi pi ma pona}}|date=2023-07-15|access-date=2023-11-10}}</ref>
|I don't know whether it's day time <mark>or</mark> night time.
|mi sona ala e ni2 {{idsp}} tenpo li suno <mark>anu </mark> pimeja
}}
 
==Definitions==
==={{tp|pu}}===
In the "[[Dictionary (pu)|Official Toki Pona Dictionary]]" section, the book {{pu|en}} defines {{tp|anu}} as:
 
{{pu def}}
 
==={{tp|ku}}===
For {{ku|en}}, respondents in {{tp|[[ma pona pi toki pona]]}} translated these English words as {{tp|anu}}:<ref>{{cite ku|203}}</ref>
 
{{ku data}}
 
=={{tp|sitelen pona}}==
The {{tp|[[sitelen pona]]}} glyph for {{tp|anu}} ({{UCSUR char|{{codepoint|anu}}}}) is a Y-shaped logograph, representing a branch between two options, such as a fork in a road leading up to two paths.<ref>{{cite etym sp}}</ref>
 
=={{tp|sitelen sitelen}}==
 
The {{tp|[[sitelen sitelen]]}} word glyph for {{tp|anu}} ({{ss|anu}}) is a simple shape containing two backwards S-shaped elements, which are also found in the word glyph for {{tp|[[seme]]}} ({{ss|seme}}) and the glyph marking a question.
 
These backwards S-shaped elements are based on a similar element found in {{w|Mi'kmaw hieroglyphs|Mi'kmaw hieroglyphic writing}}, where they appear in several passages expressing questions or indeterminacy.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jonathan Gabel|username=|date=|url=//jonathangabel.com/toki-pona/acknowledgements/|title=sitelen sitelen acknowledgements and etymology|quote=|website=The website of Jonathan Gabel|publisher=|access-date=2024-04-09}}</ref>
 
==History==
{{Start section|Historical}}
{{Needs work|Clarify relationship to the rest of the page.|section}}
 
===Pre-{{tp|pu}} usage===
The usage of {{tp|anu}} to form questions without {{tp|seme}} was widespread before the publication of {{tp|pu}}.
 
Line 54 ⟶ 114:
</blockquote>
 
{{tp|anu}} was also used to make statements. In the Spanish-languagelearning course ''{{lang|es|Toki pona en 76 lecciones ilustradas}}'' ([[Toki Pona in 76 Illustrated Lessons) created by Eliazar Parra Cárdena, which was translated into manyillustrated languageslessons]], the usage of {{tp|anu}} was taught in statements and questions side by side, distinguished only by the presence of a question mark or a period.<ref>Cárdenas, Eliazar Parra (2009). [https://archive.org/details/toki-pona-in-76-lessons/page/n38/mode/1up toki pona in 76 illustrated lessons]. ''Internet Archive''.</ref>
 
<blockquote>
{{tok|anu}} means "or"
 
: {{tp|mi wile jo e mani anu moku.}} — I want to have money or food.
: {{tp|sina ken moku e kili anu suwi. taso wan taso.}} — you can eat a trout or a cookie, but only one.
 
: {{tp|sina olin e mi anu ona?}} — do you love me or him?
: {{tp|sina toki tawa mi anu tawa ona?}} — do you speak to me or to him?
: {{tp|ni li waso anu tomo tawa kon? ala. ni li jan Superman!}} — Is that a bird or an airplane? No. This is Superman.
</blockquote>
 
==={{tp|pu}} usage===
In the book {{pu|en}}, the word {{tp|anu}} is defined, but not explained outside of its role in [[Questions#anu|{{tp|anu seme}} tag questions]]. The book only provides two sentences containing {{tp|anu}} without using {{tp|anu seme}}.
 
{{Example
|mi kute e mije <mark>anu</mark> meli.
|I hear a man or a woman. (answer to Lesson 7)
|mi kute e mije <mark>anu </mark> meli.
}}
 
{{Example
|wile sona nanpa wan li ni: ale li pona <mark>anu</mark> ike?
|The most fundamental question we can ever ask ourselves is whether or not the universe we live in is friendly or hostile. (Quote misattributed to {{w|Albert Einstein}})<ref>{{tok|jan Ke Tami}} (1 November 2023). "{{tok|toki ni li tan ala tan jan Ape Antan?}}". In [https://liputenpo.org/lipu-tenpo-nanpa-sin/ {{tp|lipu tenpo nanpa sin}}] (in Toki Pona). {{tp|lipu tenpo}}. p. 10.</ref>
|wile sona nanpa wan li ni : ale li pona <mark>anu </mark> ike
}}
 
'''Possible analyses:'''
* In the first sentence, {{tp|anu}} is presented as a statement. It might still act as a kind of chioce and could in some way work as a question.
* While in the second sentence, {{tp|anu}} is presented as a question. It is not clear whether {{tp|anu}} is responsible for forming this question, or if the phrase {{tp|wile sona}} is. That sentence is also not question in the English translation. Although this arises out of the reformulation of format. A literal translation may include a question: "the foremost question is this: is the universe good or bad?"
{{End section}}
 
==Experimental usages==
{{Needs work|Sentence-initial use mentioned on talk page|section}}
{{Nonstandard}}
{{Start section|Experimental}}
There is an experimental proposal of the word {{tp|anu}} as a [[semiparticle]]. For example, it may be part of a [[la phrase|{{tp|la}} phrase]], as a whole meaning "otherwise". This phrase is similar to {{tp|[[ante]] la}}.
 
{{Example
===Content word===
|mi monsuta e sina la o weka. <mark>anu la</mark> ni li tenpo alasa.<ref>{{cite YouTube|id=_DVC7iJLgWs|title={{tok|monsuta}}|author={{tok|jan Usawi}}|channel={{tok|jan Usawi}}|handle=janusawi8794|date=2021-06-26|access-date=2023-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cohost.org/spiders/post/269405-my-favorite-toki-pon|title=my favorite toki pona song, explained in english (or, why "monsuta" by jan Usawi goes so fucking hard)|website=Cohost|author={{tok|soweli Kina}}|username=@spiders|date=2023-11-11|access-date=2023-12-17}}</ref>
Some speakers use ''anu'' as a [[content word]] meaning "to choose, to decide".<ref>Aronora ({{tok|jan Alonola}}) (6 October 2021). "{{tok|anu suli pi ma Tosi}}". In [https://liputenpo.org/lipu-tenpo-nanpa-toki/ {{tp|lipu tenpo nanpa toki}}].</ref> This meaning is controversial due to the lack of content word meanings given to other particles in the language.
|If I scared you, then run away. Otherwise it's hunting time.
|mi monsuta e sina la o weka {{idsp}} <mark>anu la </mark> ni li tenpo alasa
}}
 
In smaller communities,{{wh|which?}} an experimental usage of {{tp|anu}} was proposed{{wh|by whom?|date=2024-04-08}} similar to {{tp|[[taso]]}} and {{tp|[[kin]]}}, as [[modifier]]s of a phrase. This usage notably reduces the level of ambiguity created by {{tp|anu}} in situations where it would otherwise be unclear to replace particles or prepositions.
===Pseudo-particle===
In smaller communities, <!-- which communities? --> an experimental usage of {{tp|anu}} was proposed to have the word resemble the placement of [[pseudo-particles]], such as {{tp|taso}} and {{tp|kin}}, as modifiers of a phrase. This usage notably reduces the level of ambiguity created by ''anu'' in situations where it would otherwise be unclear to replace particles or prepositions.
 
{{Example
|sina ken tawa <mark>tomo sitelen</mark> tawa <mark>tomo moku anu</mark>.
|You can go to the art gallery or to the restaurant.
<!-- Please add a translation. -->
|sina ken tawa <mark>tomo sitelen </mark>tawa <mark>tomo moku anu</mark>
}}
 
===Content word===
The semiparticle {{tp|anu}} is sometimes used as a [[content word]] meaning "to choose, to decide". This meaning is controversial due to the lack of content word meanings given to other particles in the language.
 
{{Example
|<mark>anu</mark> suli pi ma Tosi<ref>[[Aronora]] ({{tok|jan Alonola}}) (6 October 2021). "{{tok|anu suli pi ma Tosi}}". In [https://liputenpo.org/lipu-tenpo-nanpa-toki/ {{tp|lipu tenpo nanpa toki}}] (in Toki Pona). {{tp|[[lipu tenpo]]}}. p. 8.</ref>
|German national <mark>election</mark> ({{lit|the land of Germany's big <mark>choice</mark>}})
|<mark>anu </mark> suli pi ma[taso ona sona ijo]
}}
{{End section}}
 
==References==
<references/>
 
==ExternalFurther linksreading==
 
===Resources===
* {{pu|en}}: Lesson 7
* {{tok|jan Lentan}}: [https://lipu-sona.pona.la/7.html Lesson 7]
* {{tok|soweli Tesa}}: [https://sowelitesalipu-sona.kittycat.homes/lipu-sonaen/12anu Lesson 12]
* {{tp|nasin toki pona}} [https://github.com/kilipan/nasin-toki#the-particle-anu the particle {{tok|anu}}]
 
Line 84 ⟶ 190:
* {{tok|jan Pije}}: [http://web.archive.org/web/20200427220238/http://tokipona.net/tp/janpije/okamasona12.php Lesson 12] (maintained from 2003 to mid 2010s)
* 76 Illustrated Lessons: [https://archive.org/details/toki-pona-in-76-lessons/page/n38/mode/1up Lesson 63] (original published in 2004, English translation in 2009)
 
===Dictionaries===
* {{R:Linku}}
* {{R:Wikipesija}}
* {{R:Wiktionary}}
{{Words}}
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