sona pona

anu: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

anu (edit)

Revision as of 11:54, 16 October 2023

1,010 bytes added ,  7 months ago
no edit summary
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
No edit summary
Line 1:
{{Needs work|}}
{{nimi
| image = 2021-11-06 Bornumer Holz 01.JPG
| PoS =both particle
}}
'''''{{tp|anu''}}''' is a [[Toki Pona]] [[particle]] used to showindicate alternatives, corresponding with the English conjunctionconjunctions "or" ({{w|exclusive disjunction}}) and "and/or" ({{w|inclusive disjunction}}).
 
==Function==
== Current common usage ==
=== {{tp|anu seme}} ===
{{tp|anu}} is most commonly used in the phrase "{{tp|anu seme?}}" to form tag questions. This literally means "or what?", and it's one of two ways to form yes-or-no questions in Toki Pona.
 
===Tag questions===
{{Example|ona li jan pona anu seme?|They are good people, aren't they?<br/>Are they a good people?}}▼
{{Main|Questions}}
 
See{{tp|anu}} theis pagemost [[Questions]]commonly forused morein informationthe aboutphrase {{tp|anu seme}} to form {{w|tag question}}s. This literally means "or what?" and otherit is one of two ways to form yes-or-no questions in Toki Pona.
 
{{Example
=== Statements ===▼
|ona li jan pona anu seme?
▲{{Example|ona li jan pona anu seme?|They are a good peopleperson, aren't they?<br/>Are they a good peopleperson?}}
}}
 
=== Either/or questions ===
''anu'' remainsIt ais debatable subjectand whencontroversial itwhether comes{{tp|anu}} to it beingis able to form questions on its own, without the ''{{tp|seme''}} or the ''[''predicate''] X-{{tp|ala [''predicate'']''}}-X format.
 
▲=== Statements ===
{{Needs work|empty section|section}}
 
=={{tp|pu}} usage==
In the book {{pu|en}}, the word ''{{tp|anu''}} is defined, but not explained, outside of its role in [[Questions#anu|''{{tp|anu seme''}} tag questions]]. The book only provides 2 sentences containing {{tp|anu}} without {{tp|anu seme}}:
 
{{Example
''pu'' only gives 2 sentences containing ''anu'' without ''anu seme'':
<blockquote>|mi kute e mije anu meli.</blockquote>▼
|I hear a man or a woman. (answer to Lesson 7)
}}
 
{{Example
▲<blockquote>mi kute e mije anu meli.</blockquote>
<blockquote>|wile sona nanpa wan li ni: ale li pona anu ike?</blockquote>▼
''(answers to Lesson 7)'' as a translation to: "I hear a man or a woman."
''(famous quotations)'' as a translation to a quote (mis)attributed to Albert Einstein: "|The most fundamental question we can ever ask ourselves is whether or not the universe we live in is friendly or hostile". (Quote misattributed to {{w|Albert Einstein}})▼
▲<blockquote>wile sona nanpa wan li ni: ale li pona anu ike?</blockquote>
}}
▲''(famous quotations)'' as a translation to a quote (mis)attributed to Albert Einstein: "The most fundamental question we can ever ask ourselves is whether or not the universe we live in is friendly or hostile"
 
===Possible analyses===
* WhileIn the first use ofsentence, ''{{tp|anu''}} is presented as a statement,. ''anu''It might still act as a kind of choice,chioce and could in some way still work as a disguised question.
* While in the second use ofsentence, ''{{tp|anu''}} is presented as a question,. it'sIt is not clear ifwhether ''{{tp|anu''}} is responsible -for forming this question, or solelyif responsiblethe -phrase for{{tp|wile formingsona}} ais. That sentence is also not question in the English translation. TheAlthough ''wilethis sona''arises mightout doof somethe heavyreformulation of format. A literal translation may include a question: "the foremost question is this: is the universe good or liftingbad?"
* The second use of ''anu'' is also not a question in the English sentence (although a question format arises out of the reformulation in toki pona. A literal translation of the Toki Pona back to English can include a question, for example: "the foremost question is this: is the universe good or bad?")
 
== Pre-{{tp|pu}} usage ==
UsageThe usage of ''{{tp|anu''}} to form questions without ''{{tp|seme''}} was widespread before the publication of {{tp|pu}}.
 
The ''course {{tp|o kama sona e toki pona!'' course}} by {{tok|[[jan Pije]]}}, (the most influential resource for learning Toki Pona in the [[pre-pu|pre-{{tp|pu}}]] era), taught ''{{tp|anu''}} explicitly and exclusively as a word for makingmarking questions. This included questions without ''{{tp|seme''}}, as well as tag questions ending in ''{{tp|anu seme''}}.<ref>{{tok|jan Pije}}. ([http://web.archive.org/web/20200427220238/http://tokipona.net/tp/janpije/okamasona12.php sourceLesson 12: Conjunctions, {{tp|kin}}, Temperature]). Archived from the original on 27 April 2020. ''{{tok|lipu pi jan Pije}}''.</ref>
 
<blockquote>
However, ''anu'' was also used to make statements. Eliazar Parra Cárdena's Spanish-language 2004 course ''Toki pona en 76 lecciones ilustradas'' (Toki Pona in 76 Illustrated Lessons), which was translated into many languages, taught usage of ''anu'' in statements and usage in questions side by side, distinguished only by the presence of a question mark or a period. ([https://archive.org/details/toki-pona-in-76-lessons/page/n38/mode/1up source])▼
This word can be used to make questions when there's a choice between two different options. For example, if you came home to find that someone had eaten all of the cookies, and you know that the person who ate them has to be either Susan or Lisa, you might ask:
 
: {{tp|jan Susan anu jan Lisa li moku e suwi?}}
== Experimental usages ==▼
 
Semi-literally, this sentence reads, Susan or Lisa ate the cookies? In colloquial English, it reads, "Did Susan eat the cookies, or was it Lisa?" As you see, you can't necessarily translate directly from English, especially with {{tp|anu}}. […]
</blockquote>
 
▲However, ''{{tp|anu''}} was also used to make statements. EliazarIn Parra Cárdena'sthe Spanish-language 2004 course ''{{lang|es|Toki pona en 76 lecciones ilustradas}}'' (Toki Pona in 76 Illustrated Lessons) created by Eliazar Parra Cárdena, which was translated into many languages, taughtthe usage of ''{{tp|anu''}} was taught in statements and usage in questions side by side, distinguished only by the presence of a question mark or a period.<ref>Cárdenas, Eliazar Parra (2009). [https://archive.org/details/toki-pona-in-76-lessons/page/n38/mode/1up sourcetoki pona in 76 illustrated lessons]). ''Internet Archive''.</ref>
 
▲== Experimental usages ==
{{Nonstandard}}
=== As a content word ===▼
Some speakers use ''anu'' as a [[content word]] meaning "choose, decide". This meaning is controversial due to the lack of content word meanings given to other particles in the language.▼
 
▲=== As a contentContent word ===
=== As a pseudo-particle ===▼
▲Some speakers use ''anu'' as a [[content word]] meaning "to choose, to decide".<ref>Aronora ({{tok|jan Alonola}}) (6 October 2021). "{{tok|anu suli pi ma Tosi}}". In [https://liputenpo.org/lipu-tenpo-nanpa-toki/ {{tp|lipu tenpo nanpa toki}}].</ref> This meaning is controversial due to the lack of content word meanings given to other particles in the language.
In smaller communities for ''toki pona'', an experimental usage of ''anu'' was proposed to have the word resemble the placement of pseudo-particles like ''taso'' and ''kin'' as modifiers of a phrase:<blockquote>sina ken tawa <u>tomo sitelen</u> tawa <u>tomo moku anu</u>.</blockquote>This usage notably reduces the level of ambiguity created by ''anu'' in situations where it would otherwise be unclear to replace particles or prepositions.▼
 
▲=== As a pseudoPseudo-particle ===
▲In smaller communities, for<!-- ''tokiwhich pona'',communities? --> an experimental usage of ''{{tp|anu''}} was proposed to have the word resemble the placement of [[pseudo-particles]], likesuch as ''{{tp|taso''}} and ''{{tp|kin''}}, as modifiers of a phrase:<blockquote>sina. ken tawa <u>tomo sitelen</u> tawa <u>tomo moku anu</u>.</blockquote>This usage notably reduces the level of ambiguity created by ''anu'' in situations where it would otherwise be unclear to replace particles or prepositions.
 
{{Example
|sina ken tawa <mark>tomo sitelen</mark> tawa <mark>tomo moku anu</mark>.
<!-- Please add a translation. -->
}}
 
==References==
<references/>
 
== External resources links==▼
 
===Resources===
▲== External resources ==
* [[{{pu]]|en}}: Lesson 7
* {{tok|jan Lentan}}: [https://lipu-sona.pona.la/7.html jan Lentan Lesson 7]
* {{tok|soweli Tesa}}: [https://sowelitesa.kittycat.homes/lipu-sona/12 soweli Tesa Lesson 12]
* {{tp|nasin toki pona}} [https://github.com/kilipan/nasin-toki#the-particle-anu nasinthe tokiparticle pona{{tok|anu}}]
 
=== Resources for historical usage ===
* {{tok|jan Pije}}: [http://web.archive.org/web/20200427220238/http://tokipona.net/tp/janpije/okamasona12.php jan Pije lessonLesson 12] (course maintained from 2003 to mid 2010s)
* 76 Illustrated Lessons: [https://archive.org/details/toki-pona-in-76-lessons/page/n38/mode/1up 76 Illustrated Lessons (English version), lessonLesson 63] (original published in 2004, English translation in 2009)
{{Words}}
Retrieved from "https://sona.pona.la/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/3629"