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mi li and sina li (edit)

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{{tp title|mi li|sina li}}
{{Needs work|Propose to merge with {{tp|[[Special:MyLanguage/li|li]]}}}}
If a sentence starts with {{tp|mi}} or with {{tp|sina}} as the only word in the subject, the verb immediately follows after. Adding {{tp|li}} in this case tends to be considered ungrammatical.
 
The phrases '''{{tp|mi li}} and {{tp|sina li}}''' are generally considered to be ungrammatical. If a sentence starts with {{tp|mi}} or with {{tp|sina}} as the only word in the [[Special:MyLanguage/subject|subject]], the [[Special:MyLanguage/predicate|predicate]] immediately follows after.
 
==Why no {{tp|li}}?==
 
Learners sometimes wonder why {{tp|li}} gets added for everything else, but not for {{tp|mi}} and {{tp|sina}}. Because the underlying confusion, or curiosity, can have different causes, there are many possible answers.
 
* Because this is how the language works, and how it has worked from the very beginning. After decades, only a minority of speakers use {{tp|li}} differently, if any.
* The particle {{tp|li}} introduces a verb to a subject more complicated than only {{tp|mi}} or only {{tp|sina}}. It's commonly said that {{tp|li}} is "omitted" after {{tp|mi}} or {{tp|sina}}, or that there is a "hidden" {{tp|li}}. This could mean that Toki Pona likes to concentrate on {{tp|mi}} and {{tp|sina}} being more ''<em>immediate''</em> subjects. They hold such importance in the language that anything else is more complex or more external to an immediate experience so that it needs an extra separation by a particle.
* Etymologically speaking, {{tp|li}} is a ''third-person marker''. It is derived from the {{w|Esperanto}} third-person singular pronoun "''{{lang|eo|li"}}''<ref>[//archive.ph/i4Psx Word Origins]. Archived from the original on 2 November 2019. ''Toki Pona''.</ref> and worksfunctions similarsimilarly to {{w|Tok Pisin}}'s particle {{lang|tpi|i}}, which introduces the verb except when the subject is the singular first or second person pronoun{{#tag:<ref|{{lang|tpi|i}} does get used for any noun, for plural (and dual and trial) pronouns, and for the singular third person pronoun. There is variety in how {{lang|tpi|i}} gets used in Tok Pisin in actual speech, with some often dropping it completely and others often using it even with singular first and second pronouns. Some verb classes, use of the particle {{lang|tpi|na}}, introduction of a second predicate, some suffixes, and more can be additional factors.name="franklin1980"/><ref>[https://c-cluster-110.uploads.documents.cimpress.io/v1/uploads/6287ad77-7996-4cbc-8514-3a4fcabfbd29~110/original?tenant name=vbu-digital The particles i & na in Tok Pisin – K.J. Franklin], [https:"tung2014"//ejournals.bc.edu/index.php/lingua/article/download/5419/5049/ Grammaticalization in Tok Pisin - Cindy Tung], [https://benjamins.com/catalog/jpcl.6.2.04ver The Function of I in Tok Pisin - John W.M. Verhaar]></ref>|group name="noteverhaar1991"}}/>
* In terms of practical benefits, omitting {{tp|li}} after {{tp|mi}} makes it less likely to be confused with {{tp|ni}}. It also makes sentences shorter and slightly more varied in terms of word distribution.
 
==When to add {{tp|li}} anyway==
 
The relationship {{tp|li}} has to {{tp|mi}} and {{tp|sina}} is often getsoverly shortened to "no {{tp|li}} after {{tp|mi}} or {{tp|sina}}". - butHowever, taking this abbreviated explanation at face-value can lead to confusion for learners, in some cases where the word {{tp|li}} followlsfollows {{tp|mi}} and {{tp|sina}}:.
{{example|mi en sina li pali}}▼
 
{{tp|li}} is not added if {{tp|mi}} is the ''<em>only word''</em> in the subject or if {{tp|sina}} is the ''only word'' in the subject. With {{tp|en}}, there are now two subjects, so {{tp|li}} is added.
{{example|soweli sina li pona}}
 
{{tp|li}} follows {{tp|sina}} only because it is a modifier to {{tp|soweli}}. It is not the subject, it is only part of the subject.▼
{{example|mi tuen sina li kamapali.}}
 
▲{{tp|li}} follows {{tp|mi}} and {{tp|sina}} onlywhen becauseused itas ismodifiers. aIn modifierthe tosentence below, {{tp|sowelisina}}. It is not the subject, it is only part of the subject.
 
▲{{exampleExample|mi ensoweli sina li palipona.}}
 
{{tp|li}} is still used if {{tp|mi}} or {{tp|sina}} are modified.
===Edge cases===▼
In some cases, speakers' styles may lead to differences in how {{tp|li}} is used:
{{example|mi a wawa}}▼
{{example|mi a li wawa}}▼
The word {{tp|[[a]]}} in this case is seen as applying to {{tp|mi}}, but it is a special case that leads to {{tp|li}} not factoring in because of the nature of the word {{tp|a}}. However, because it is still acting similar or even the same as a modifier, speakers might also use {{tp|li}} just like with any modifier.▼
 
{{Example|mi tu li kama.}}
A similar effect might happen with {{tp|kin}}.
 
===Multiple predicates===
 
{{example|sina pali. sina wawa}}▼
{{pu}} says that when multiple predicates are applied to {{tp|mi}} or {{tp|sina}}, a new sentence should start.<ref>{{cite pu|56}}</ref>
 
{{example|sina pali li wawa}}▼
▲{{exampleExample|sina pali. sina wawa.}}
Some speakers use a second {{tp|li}} in this case. This is referred to as "extended {{tp|li}} style" in [[ku]].<ref group="note">This has a parallel in Tok Pisin's particle {{lang|tpi|i}}, where a second predicate to the same subject gets introduced with it - although this usually also involves the particle {{lang|tp|na}}.</ref>▼
 
▲Some speakers use a second {{tp|li}} in this case. This is referred to as "extended {{tp|li}} style" in [[Special:MyLanguage/ku|ku]].<ref group="notelower-alpha">This has a parallel in Tok Pisin's particle ''{{lang|tpi|i}}'', where a second predicate to the same subject gets introduced with it - although this usually also involves the particle {{lang|tp|na}}.</ref>
 
▲{{exampleExample|sina pali li wawa.}}
 
▲===Edge cases===
 
▲In some cases, speakers' styles may lead to differences in how {{tp|li}} is used. The word {{tp|[[Special:MyLanguage/a|a]]}} in thissentence casebelow is seen as applying to {{tp|mi}}, but it is a special case that leads to {{tp|li}} not factoring in because of the nature of the word {{tp|a}}.<!--vague--> However, because it is still acting similar or even the same as a modifier, speakers might also use {{tp|li}} just like with any modifier. A similar effect might happen with {{tp|kin}}.
 
▲{{exampleExample|mi a wawa.}}
▲{{exampleExample|mi a li wawa.}}
 
==Notes==
 
<references group="notelower-alpha" />
 
==References==
 
<references />
[[Category:Particles]]▼
<ref name="franklin1980">
Franklin, Karl J. (1980). [https://c-cluster-110.uploads.documents.cimpress.io/v1/uploads/6287ad77-7996-4cbc-8514-3a4fcabfbd29~110/original?tenant=vbu-digital The particles ‘i’ and ‘na’ in Tok Pisin]. ''Kivung''. '''12''' (2): 134-144.
</ref>
<ref name="tung2014">
Tung, Cindy (2014). [https://ejournals.bc.edu/index.php/lingua/article/view/5419/5049 Grammaticalization in Tok Pisin]. ''Lingua Frankly''. '''2''' (1). {{w|Doi (identifier)|doi}}:[https://doi.org/10.6017/lf.v2i1.5419 10.6017/lf.v2i1.5419]
</ref>
<ref name="verhaar1991">
Verhaar, J. W. M. (1991). [https://benjamins.com/catalog/jpcl.6.2.04ver The Function of I in Tok Pisin]. ''Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages''. '''6''' (2): 231–266. {{w|Doi (identifier)|doi}}:[https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.6.2.04ver 10.1075/jpcl.6.2.04ver].
</ref>
</references>
 
▲[[Category:Particles{{#translation:}}]]
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