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'''{{tp|[[o]]}}''' is a [[particle]] in Toki Pona used to express desires and wishes, as well as to call out to a listener.
 
==Functions==
 
===InstructionsImperative and commandsoptative===
{{tp|o}} is used to indicate an {{w|imperative mood|imperative}}, expressing a command or instruction. In this case, the particle {{tp|[[li]]}} is replaced by {{tp|o}} and the [[subject]] may optionally be ommited. Unlike {{tp|li}}, the particle {{tp|o}} can be used following {{tp|[[mi]]}} or {{tp|[[sina]]}}.
{{tp|[[o]]}} can be followed by a verb, in which case the sentence is interpreted as a command or [[imperative]]. The [[Glossary#subject|subject]] of the sentence is omitted.
 
{{Example|o kama!|Come!|o kama}}
|o kama sona e toki pona!
{{Example|o pakala ala e ijo mi!|Do not break my things!|o pakala ala e ijo-mi}}
|Learn Toki Pona!
|o kama sona e toki-pona
}}
{{Example
|o pakala ala e ijo mi!
|Do not break my things!
|o pakala ala e ijo mi
}}
 
{{tp|[[o]]}} canis replacealso {{tp|[[li]]}}used to indicate thatan the{{w|optative speakermood}}, wishesexpressing ora hopes for something,wish or believes that it's better for something to be the casehope. This is known as an [[optative]] sentence. In many cases, it can be translated with "should" or with sentences starting with "may". In some cases it is used to express "must" or "have to", a meaning that is traditionally covered by {{tp|[[wile]]}}.▼
===Calling by name===
{{tp|[[o]]}} can follow a [[Glossary#noun|noun]] to show that the speaker is addressing that person, place, or thing. This is known as a [[vocative]]. The [[o]] phrase can go either at the start or the end of a sentence.▼
 
{{Example|mi o lape.|I should sleep. (i.e. It would be better if I went to sleep)}}▼
{{Example|toki, jan ale o!|Hi, everybody!|toki 　 jan-ale o}}
{{Example|sijelo sina o kama pona.|May your body become good/healthy. (i.e. I wish for your body to become healthy)<br>I hope you get better!}}▼
{{Example|soweli mi o, sina moku e lipu mi tan seme?|Doggo, why did you eat my homework?|soweli mi o &#x3000; sina moku e lipu mi tan seme}}
 
===Vocative===
▲{{tp|[[o]]}}, canfollowing followa word or phrase, indicates a [[Glossary#noun{{w|noun]]vocative tophrase}}, showexpressing that the speaker is addressing that person, place, or thing. This is known as a [[vocative]]. The [[o]] phrase can gomay either at thego startbefore or after the endrest of athe sentence.
 
{{Example
|toki, jan ale o!
|Hi, everybody!
|toki {{idsp}} jan-ale o
}}
{{Example
|soweli mi o, sina moku e lipu mi tan seme?
|Doggo, why did you eat my homework?
|soweli mi o {{idsp}} sina moku e lipu mi tan seme
}}
 
If {{tp|o}} comes before the addressee instead, it becomes a command to <em>be</em> or <em>personify</em> them. For example, {{tp|o jan ale!}} means "Be everyone!" and {{tp|o soweli mi!}} means "Be my pet!"
 
Combining both imperative and vocative phrases together can be expressed with a single {{tp|o}}:
===Wishes and desires===
▲{{tp|[[o]]}} can replace {{tp|[[li]]}} to indicate that the speaker wishes or hopes for something, or believes that it's better for something to be the case. This is known as an [[optative]] sentence. In many cases, it can be translated with "should" or with sentences starting with "may". In some cases it is used to express "must" or "have to", a meaning that is traditionally covered by {{tp|[[wile]]}}.
 
{{Example
{{tp|[[o]]}} can be used with {{tp|[[mi]]}} and {{tp|[[sina]]}}, in which case it comes immediately after the [[Glossary#pronoun|pronoun]] and before the [[Glossary#predicate|predicate]].
|jan Alu o kama!
|Come, {{tok|Alu}}!
|jan [ale luka uta] o kama
}}
 
Alternatively, they may be separated:{{citation needed|reason=Unsure if this is an alternative method or a ungrammatical method.}}
▲{{Example|mi o lape.|I should sleep. (i.e. It would be better if I went to sleep)}}
▲{{Example|sijelo sina o kama pona.|May your body become good/healthy. (i.e. I wish for your body to become healthy)<br>I hope you get better!}}
 
{{Example
Optative constructions can also be used to combine imperative and vocative meanings into one sentence. For example, if you want to address someone called Moja and tell them to come, "{{tp|jan Moja o kama}}" is more commonly used than "{{tp|jan Moja o, o kama}}".{{Citation needed|"More commonly used than"?}}
|jan Alu o, o kama!
|Come, {{tok|Alu}}!
|jan [ale luka uta] o {{idsp}} o kama
}}
 
==External linksDefinitions==
 
==={{tp|ku}}===
For {{ku|en}}, respondents in {{tp|[[ma pona pi toki pona]]}} translated these English words as {{tp|o}}:<ref>{{cite ku|304}}</ref>
 
{{ku data}}
 
==History==
{{Start section|Historical}}
Some speakers, such as {{tok|jan Kipo}} (John Clifford), preferred using the particle {{tp|o}} as sentence-initial particle instead of it substituting {{tp|li}} or another similar particle.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/stefichjo/toki-pona/blob/master/kipo.md|title=Dialectal Toki Pona (KIPO)|website=GitHub|author=Stephan Schneider ({{tok|jan Tepan}})|date=2015}}</ref> Nowadays this is considered nonstandard.
 
{{Example
|o ona li lape pona.
|Let her rest well.
}}
{{End section}}
 
=={{tp|sitelen pona}}==
The {{tp|[[sitelen pona]]}} glyph for {{tp|o}} ({{UCSUR char|{{codepoint|o}}}}) is composed of the [[Radicals|punctuation stem]] and the lowercase Latin letter ''O''. The punctuation stem can be drawn upright ({{sp|1=<span style="font-feature-settings:'ss16';">o</span>|font="sitelen seli kiwen asuki"}}) or at a diagonal ({{sp|1=<span style="font-feature-settings:'ss17';">o</span>|font="sitelen seli kiwen asuki"}}). Compare the glyphs for {{tp|[[a]]}}, {{tp|[[kin]]}}, and {{tp|[[n]]}}.
 
=={{tp|sitelen sitelen}}==
{{Empty}}
<!--The {{tp|[[sitelen sitelen]]}} glyph for {{tp|{{subst:PAGENAME}}}} ({{ss|{{subst:PAGENAME}}}}) depicts/represents/is derived from/is composed of ….-->
 
==References==
<references/>
 
==Further reading==
 
===Resources===
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* {{tok|jan Lentan}}: [https://lipu-sona.pona.la/7.html Lesson 7]
* {{tok|jan Misali}}: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZpA_XA5FmU tokiponization (toki pona lesson three)]
* {{tok|soweli Tesa}}: [https://sowelitesalipu-sona.kittycat.homes/lipu-sonaen/13o Lesson 13]
* Jonathal Gabel: [https://jonathangabel.com/toki-pona/commands/ Interjections and Commands]▼
* {{tp|nasin toki pona}}: [https://github.com/kilipan/nasin-toki#the-particle-o the particle {{tok|o}}]
▲* Jonathal Gabel: [https://jonathangabel.com/toki-pona/commands/ Interjections and Commands]
 
===Dictionaries===
* {{R:Linku}}
* {{R:Wikipesija}}
* {{R:Wiktionary}}
{{Words}}
[[Category:Particles]]
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