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{{Hatnote|Not to be confused with [[And]].}}
{{Other license|ask|it was copied from ''[[ma pona pi toki pona]]''}}
{{nimi
|PoS=particle
}}
[['''{{tp|en]]}}''' is a [[:Category:Particles|particle]] of toki pona used to introduce multiple subjects to a single sentence. Despite common misconception from learners, the word {{tp|en}} does not mean "[[and]]", which is instead implied with the repetition of any particle or preposition.
 
== Function of en ==
{{tp|en}} is a {{w|Subject (grammar)|subject}} marker particle, justsimilar liketo how {{tp|[[li]]}} and {{tp|[[e]]}} are verb{{w|Predicate (grammar)|predicate}} and {{w|Object (grammar)|direct object)}} marker particles, respectively. However, with {{tp|en}}, the first subject is always unmarked, thus it only appears between multiple subjects.
 
{{Example
;| mi en sina li pali e pan : We (I and you) bake bread.
| I and you bake bread.
}}
{{Example
;| jan en soweli li tawa lon ma kasi : Someone is walking their dog in the woods.▼
| Someone is walking their dog in the woods.
}}
 
== History ==▼
▲; jan en soweli li tawa lon ma kasi : Someone is walking their dog in the woods.
 
===Historical use===
== en is not and. ==
The function of the particle {{tp|en}} has changed throughout the development of Toki Pona. [[Sonja Lang]] first defined it as such in a forum post from 2002, in the section called "Early Toki Pona":<ref name="lang2002">[[Sonja Lang|Lang, Sonja]] (27 October 2002). [http://forums.tokipona.org/viewtopic.php?t=81 The words "en", "kin", and "kan"]. ''Toki Pona Forums''. Retrieved 10 October 2023.</ref>
In Toki Pona, [[and]] is implied any time there is repetition. To say and in the subject, verb, or object, you repeat the corresponding particle.
 
; ona li kama li tawa : He arrives and leaves.
 
; ona li lukin e ma e sewi : She sees the land and the sky.
 
; mi en sina li pali e pan : We (I and you) bake bread.
 
[[en]] is only used to introduce repeated subjects. Multiple predicates, objects, and prepositions are formed by repeating [[li]], [[o]], [[e]], or the preposition, as the case may be.
 
▲== History ==
The particle [[en]] has not always played the role it does today. As [[Sonja Lang]] described in a forum post<ref>[http://forums.tokipona.org/viewtopic.php?f=33&t=81 The words "en", "kin", and "kan"]</ref> from 2002-10-27, in early toki pona
 
<blockquote>
"{{tok|en}}" divided between modifiers = and
;: {{tok|jan pona en suli}} := good and tall person
 
There was no clear way to divide between head nouns. "en" needed to
be repeated to divide between multiple main nouns, which was clumsy
at times
;: {{tok|en kon lete en suno}} := the north wind and the sun
(because "kon lete en suno" would have meant "cold and sunny air")
</blockquote>
 
In the original documentation, {{tp|en}} is used both to separate modifiers and to seperate the nouns of a subject. This systemuse was also documented in the original toki pona lessons by {{tok|[[jan Pije]]}}.<ref>[[Bryant Knight|Knight, Bryant]] ({{tok|jan Pije}}). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090821024459/http://bknight0.myweb.uga.edu/toki/about/lesson/tp5.html]original lessonLesson 5</ref>]. InArchived from the original documentation,in [[en]]21 isAugust used2009. both''{{tp|lipu topi separatejan modifiers and to seperate the nouns of a subjectPije}}''. InRetrieved 2002, Sonja proposed the following reforms,10 restricingOctober [[en]] to the subject of the sentence:2022.</ref>
 
===Current use===
In 2002, Lang also proposed the following reforms, restricing {{tp|en}} to the subject of the sentence, as well as establishing the use of {{tp|[[kin]]}} and removing {{tp|[[kan]]}}:<ref name="lang2002"/>
 
<blockquote>
"en" is now used to divide between head nouns. […] There is no longer a way to divide between modifiers. This is no longer necessary. A "tall and good" person is simply a tall "good person" or a good "tall person", as you will.
; kon lete en suno : the north wind and the sun
 
There is no longer a way to divide between modifiers. This is no
longer necessary. A "tall and good" person is simply a tall "good
person" or a good "tall person", as you will.
</blockquote>
 
This reform was accepted unanimously by the online community onby or1 beforeNovember 2002-11-01.<ref>tokipona@yahoogroups.com (1 November 2002). [http://forums.tokipona.org/viewtopic.php?f=33&t=17&p=220#p220 Poll results for tokipona]. ''Toki Pona Forums''.</ref>▼
This is the way [[en]] is used today.
 
==See also==
<blockquote>
* {{tp|[[nasin kijetesantakalu]]}}
; mi en mije li toki.
: I talk with the man.
: Me and the man are discussing.
</blockquote>
 
==References==
▲This reform was accepted unanimously by the online community on or before 2002-11-01.<ref>[http://forums.tokipona.org/viewtopic.php?f=33&t=17&p=220#p220 Poll results for tokipona]</ref>
<references />▼
 
==External References links==
▲<references />
 
===Resources===
== External resources ==
* [[{{pu]]|en}}: Lesson 16
* jan Lentan: [https://lipu-sona.pona.la/5.html jan Lentan Lesson 5]
* soweli Tesa: [https://sowelitesa.kittycat.homes/lipu-sona/19 soweli Tesa Lesson 19]
{{Words}}
Retrieved from "https://sona.pona.la/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/3431"
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