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==Function== |
==Function== |
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{{tp|kin}} is used to [[modify]] a preceding [[content word]] to add the sense of "also, too". The word that is modified is important: |
The particle {{tp|kin}} is used to [[modify]] a preceding [[content word]] to add the sense of "also, too". The word that is modified is important: |
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{{Example |
{{Example |
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|ona li pana e lipu. mi <mark>kin</mark> li pana e lipu. |
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|They handed out the papers. We <mark>too</mark> handed out the papers. |
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|ona li pana e lipu   mi <mark>kin </mark> li pana e lipu |
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}} |
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{{Example |
{{Example |
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|mi |
|mi lukin e lipu. mi pana <mark>kin</mark> e lipu. |
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|We |
|We read the papers. We <mark>also</mark> handed out the papers. |
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|mi lukin e lipu   mi pana <mark>kin </mark> e lipu |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
|lipu pu pi toki Tosi la sona ku <mark>kin</mark> li lon! |
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|In German [[pu]], the information from [[ku]] is also present.<ref>{{cite web|author=jan Juli|title=lipu pu Tosi li lon a|date=2021-12-08|url=https://lipukule.org/post/2021/12/08/lipu-pu-tosi-li-lon-a/|website=lipu kule}}</ref> |
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{{tp|kin}} can also be used to reciprocate a statement. |
At the end of a sentence, {{tp|kin}} can also be used to reciprocate a statement. |
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{{Example |
{{Example |
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|"mi olin e sina." — "mi olin e sina <mark>kin</mark>." |
|"mi olin e sina." — "mi olin e sina <mark>kin</mark>." |
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|"I love you." — "I love you <mark>too</mark>." |
|"I love you." — "I love you <mark>too</mark>." |
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|te mi olin e sina to te mi olin e sina<mark>kin</mark>to |
|te mi olin e sina to   te mi olin e sina <mark>kin </mark> to |
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}} |
}} |
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===Sentence-initial use=== |
===Sentence-initial use=== |
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The word {{tp|kin}} may be used at the start of a sentence. There is some debate over whether to follow sentence-initial {{tp|kin}} with {{tp|[[la]]}}, treating it as a context phrase. |
The word {{tp|kin}} may be used at the start of a sentence. There is some debate over whether to follow sentence-initial {{tp|kin}} with {{tp|[[la]]}}, treating it as a context phrase. |
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⚫ | According to poll in early 2023, the majority of speakers use {{tp|kin la}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=//polljunkie.com/poll/gcataw/nimi-kin-en-nimi-a/view|title={{tok|nimi Kin en nimi A}}|author={{tok|jan Ke Tami}}|username=|date=2023-02-08|website=Poll Junkie|access-date=2023-12-04|quote=}}</ref> These may interpret {{tp|kin}} as an [[interjection]], meaning "likewise", being used as a sentence fragment in the context position. |
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{{Example |
{{Example |
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|jan olin li lon tomo. kin la mama mi li lape. |
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|My spouse is home. Also, my father is sleeping. |
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|2=The keys to the building are under the rug. <mark>Also</mark>, the plums are in the icebox. |
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|jan-olin li lon tomo   kin la mama mi li lape |
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}} |
}} |
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⚫ | According to poll in early 2023, the majority of speakers use {{tp|kin la}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=//polljunkie.com/poll/gcataw/nimi-kin-en-nimi-a/view|title={{tok|nimi Kin en nimi A}}|author={{tok|jan Ke Tami}}|username=|date=2023-02-08|website=Poll Junkie |
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Other speakers may interpret sentence-initial {{tp|kin}} as a [[semiparticle]], which does not need the [[particle]] {{tp|la}}, similarly to starting a sentence with {{tp|a}}, and feel that {{tp|kin}} has no [[content word]] meaning as the head of a phrase such as the context clause. Similar arguments apply to {{tp|[[taso]]}}, although not all speakers use the same method for both {{tp|kin (la)}} and {{tp|taso (la)}}. |
Other speakers may interpret sentence-initial {{tp|kin}} as a [[semiparticle]], which does not need the [[particle]] {{tp|la}}, similarly to starting a sentence with {{tp|a}}, and feel that {{tp|kin}} has no [[content word]] meaning as the head of a phrase such as the context clause. Similar arguments apply to {{tp|[[taso]]}}, although not all speakers use the same method for both {{tp|kin (la)}} and {{tp|taso (la)}}. |
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|jan olin li lon tomo. kin mama mi li lape. |
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|My spouse is home. Also, my father is sleeping. |
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|jan-olin li lon tomo   kin mama mi li lape |
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==={{tp|pu}}=== |
==={{tp|pu}}=== |
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|unpa <mark>kin</mark> moku Elena li pona tawa sijelo. |
|unpa <mark>kin</mark> moku Elena li pona tawa sijelo. |
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|Sex and Greek food are good for the body.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sonja Lang|title=seme li sin?|date=2002-06-03|website=Toki Pona Forums|url=http://forums.tokipona.org/viewtopic.php?p=114#p114|url-date=2024-01-17}}</ref> |
|Sex and Greek food are good for the body.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sonja Lang|title=seme li sin?|date=2002-06-03|website=Toki Pona Forums|url=http://forums.tokipona.org/viewtopic.php?p=114#p114|url-date=2024-01-17}}</ref> |
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|unpa <mark>kin </mark> moku [esun lili en nena ale] li pona tawa sijelo |
|unpa <mark>kin </mark> moku [esun lili en nena ale] li pona tawa sijelo |
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|ona li <mark>kin</mark> lukin ala e mi. |
|ona li <mark>kin</mark> lukin ala e mi. |
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|He didn't even acknowledge me.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sonja Lang|title=English-Toki Pona Dictionary|date=January 2002|archive-date=2002-03-05|website=tokipona.org|url=http://www.tokipona.org/en-tp.php|archive-url=https://archive.ph/dqjw5}}</ref> |
|He didn't even acknowledge me.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sonja Lang|title=English-Toki Pona Dictionary|date=January 2002|archive-date=2002-03-05|website=tokipona.org|url=http://www.tokipona.org/en-tp.php|archive-url=https://archive.ph/dqjw5}}</ref> |
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|ona li <mark>kin </mark> lukin ala e mi |
|ona li <mark>kin </mark> lukin ala e mi |
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