sona pona

kin

Common Toki Pona semiparticle
Revision as of 01:58, 7 February 2024 by Jan Pensa (talk | contribs) (→‎History: added {{Historical}} tag)

kin is a common semiparticle meaning "also".

kin in sitelen pona
kin in sitelen sitelen
Pronunciation /kin/
Usage 2023: Common4, Widespread6 (83% ↘︎ )2022: Widespread (89%)
Book and era nimi ku suli ("synonym" in pu)
Part of speech Semiparticle
Codepoint 󱥹 U+F1979

Etymology

The word kin is derived from the Finnish suffix -kin, meaning "also".[1]

Function

kin is used to modify a preceding content word to add the sense of "also, too". The word that is modified is important:

ona li pana e lipu　 mi kin li pana e lipu　

ona li pana e lipu. mi kin li pana e lipu.

They handed out the papers. We too handed out the papers.

mi lukin e lipu　 mi pana kin e lipu　

mi lukin e lipu. mi pana kin e lipu.

We read the papers. We also handed out the papers.

lipu pu pi toki Tosi la sona ku kin li lon!

lipu pu pi toki Tosi la sona ku kin li lon!

In German pu, the information from ku is also present.[2]

kin can also be used to reciprocate a statement.

te mi olin e sina to　te mi olin e sinakinto

"mi olin e sina." — "mi olin e sina kin."[3]

"I love you." — "I love you too."

Sentence-initial use

The word kin may be used at the start of a sentence. There is some debate over whether to follow sentence-initial kin with la, treating it as a context phrase.

kiwen li open e tomo li lon anpa len　kinlakili-suwi li lon poki-lete

kiwen li open e tomo li lon anpa len. kin (la) kili suwi li lon poki lete.

The keys to the building are under the rug. Also, the plums are in the icebox.

According to poll in early 2023, the majority of speakers use kin la.[4] These may interpret kin as an interjection, meaning "likewise", being used as a sentence fragment in the context position.

Other speakers may interpret sentence-initial kin as a semiparticle, which does not need the particle la, similarly to starting a sentence with a, and feel that kin has no content word meaning as the head of a phrase such as the context clause. Similar arguments apply to taso, although not all speakers use the same method for both kin (la) and taso (la).

pu

Main article: Synonyms § "Synonyms" in pu
  The subject of this article is historical information that is presented for completeness, and might not reflect current usage.

In the "Official Toki Pona Dictionary" section, the book Toki Pona: The Language of Good defines kin as a "synonym" of a. This sense is generally not understood. It largely does not reflect earlier use of kin either.

PARTICLE  (emphasis, emotion or confirmation)

ku

For Toki Pona Dictionary, respondents in ma pona pi toki pona translated these English words as kin:[5]

also4, too4, indeed2, especially2

sitelen pona

 
kin in linja pona

The sitelen pona glyph for kin (󱥹) is derived from an exclamation mark with an asterisk (*) in place of the dot. The rotation and number of spokes on the asterisk is unimportant. The shape may be influenced from the star as a symbol for birth or a means of highlighting or favoriting, and the asterisk as a multiplication sign or wildcard character; it seems to only coincidentally resemble the glyph for lete. The punctuation stem can be drawn upright (kin) or at a diagonal (kin).

The glyph for kin was designed in October 2016, at the suggestion of jan Kipo. jan Same's original proposal was a circle (from the glyph for ijo) with two horizontal lines below, which could be interpreted as emphasis underlines or the glyph for sama. jan Same later suggested using a star for kin. jan Tepan refined this into "an exclamation mark with an asterisk instead of the dot", influenced by the glyph for a, despite the contributors' hesitance to reuse the punctuation stem design.[6] This version was included in version 1.0 of linja pona.

History

  The subject of this article is historical information that is presented for completeness, and might not reflect current usage.

For a brief period in early 2002, kin was used to separate subjects in a sentence, the way en is used today.[7] This use was deprecated in the same poll that established the modern system for en and deprecated kan.[8]

unpa kin moku [esun lili en nena ale] li pona tawa sijelo.

unpa kin moku Elena li pona tawa sijelo.

Sex and Greek food are good for the body.[9]

It retained its role as an emphasizing particle during this time, though it was a prefix.[10]

ona li kin lukin ala e mi.

ona li kin lukin ala e mi.

He didn't even acknowledge me.[11]

References

  1. ↑ "Word Origins". tokipona.org. Archived from the original on 8 August 2002.
  2. ↑ jan Juli. (8 December 2021). "lipu pu Tosi li lon a". lipu kule.
  3. ↑ "nimi:kin". lipu Wikipesija. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  4. ↑ jan Ke Tami. (8 February 2023). "nimi Kin en nimi A". Poll Junkie. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  5. ↑ Lang, Sonja. (18 July 2021). Toki Pona Dictionary. Illustrated by Vacon Sartirani. Tawhid. ISBN 978-0978292362. p. 249.
  6. ↑ jan Same. (16 October 2016). "Re: Sitelen pona glyphs for new and apocryphal words". Toki Pona Forums. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  7. ↑ Sonja Lang. (27 October 2002). "The words "en", "kin", and "kan"". Toki Pona Forums. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  8. ↑ tokipona@yahoogroups.com. (1 November 2002). "Poll results for tokipona". Toki Pona Forums. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  9. ↑ Sonja Lang. (3 June 2002). "seme li sin?". Toki Pona Forums.
  10. ↑ Sonja Lang. (8 June 2002). "Toki Pona Word List". tokipona.org. Archived from the original on 4 March 2003. "emphasizes the word that follows".
  11. ↑ Sonja Lang. (1 January 2002). "English-Toki Pona Dictionary". tokipona.org. Archived from the original on 5 March 2002.

Further reading

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