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Line 1: {{nimi \| PoS = particle }} '''{{tp\|o}}''' is a [[particle]] used to express desires and wishes, as well as to call out to a listener. [[o]] is a [[:Category:Particles\|particle]] in toki pona used to form [[Glossary#optative\|optative]], [[Glossary#vocative\|vocative]], and [[Glossary#imperative\|imperative]] phrases and [[Glossary#sentence\|sentences]]. == ~~Uses of o~~ Functions== ~~=== Imperative ===~~ ~~[[o]] can be followed by a verb, in which case the sentence is interpreted as a command. The [[Glossary#subject\|subject]] of the sentence is ommited.~~ ===Imperative and optative=== ~~; o kama! : Come!~~ {{tp\|o}} is used to indicate an {{w\|imperative mood\|imperative}}, expressing a command or instruction. In this case, the particle {{tp\|[[li]]}} is replaced by {{tp\|o}} and the [[subject]] may optionally be ommited. Unlike {{tp\|li}}, the particle {{tp\|o}} can be used following {{tp\|[[mi]]}} or {{tp\|[[sina]]}}. ~~; o pakala ala e ijo mi! : Do not break my things!~~ {{Example ~~=== Vocative ===~~ \|o kama sona e toki pona! ~~[[o]] can follow a [[Glossary#noun\|noun]] to show that the speaker is addressing that person, place, or thing. The vocative phrase can go either at the start or the end of a sentence.~~ \|Learn Toki Pona! \|o kama sona e toki-pona }} {{Example \|o pakala ala e ijo mi! \|Do not break my things! \|o pakala ala e ijo mi }} {{tp\|o}} is also used to indicate an {{w\|optative mood}}, expressing a wish or hope. In many cases, it can be translated with "should" or with sentences starting with "may". In some cases it is used to express "must" or "have to", a meaning that is traditionally covered by {{tp\|[[wile]]}}. ~~; toki, jan ale o! : Hi, everybody!~~ ~~; soweli mi o, sina moku e lipu mi tan seme? : Doggo, why did you eat my homework?~~ {{Example\|mi o lape.\|I should sleep. (i.e. It would be better if I went to sleep)}} {{Example\|sijelo sina o kama pona.\|May your body become good/healthy. (i.e. I wish for your body to become healthy)<br>I hope you get better!}} ===Vocative=== {{tp\|o}}, following a word or phrase, indicates a {{w\|vocative phrase}}, expressing that the speaker is addressing that person, place, or thing. The phrase may either go before or after the rest of the sentence. {{Example \|toki, jan ale o! \|Hi, everybody! \|toki {{idsp}} jan-ale o }} {{Example \|soweli mi o, sina moku e lipu mi tan seme? \|Doggo, why did you eat my homework? \|soweli mi o {{idsp}} sina moku e lipu mi tan seme }} If {{tp\|o}} comes before the addressee instead, it becomes a command to <em>be</em> or <em>personify</em> them. For example, {{tp\|o jan ale!}} means "Be everyone!" and {{tp\|o soweli mi!}} means "Be my pet!" Combining both imperative and vocative phrases together can be expressed with a single {{tp\|o}}: {{Example \|jan Alu o kama! \|Come, {{tok\|Alu}}! \|jan [ale luka uta] o kama }} Alternatively, they may be separated:{{citation needed\|reason=Unsure if this is an alternative method or a ungrammatical method.}} {{Example \|jan Alu o, o kama! \|Come, {{tok\|Alu}}! \|jan [ale luka uta] o {{idsp}} o kama }} ==Definitions== ==={{tp\|ku}}=== For {{ku\|en}}, respondents in {{tp\|[[ma pona pi toki pona]]}} translated these English words as {{tp\|o}}:<ref>{{cite ku\|304}}</ref> {{ku data}} ==History== {{Start section\|Historical}} Some speakers, such as {{tok\|jan Kipo}} (John Clifford), preferred using the particle {{tp\|o}} as sentence-initial particle instead of it substituting {{tp\|li}} or another similar particle.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://github.com/stefichjo/toki-pona/blob/master/kipo.md\|title=Dialectal Toki Pona (KIPO)\|website=GitHub\|author=Stephan Schneider ({{tok\|jan Tepan}})\|date=2015}}</ref> Nowadays this is considered nonstandard. {{Example \|o ona li lape pona. \|Let her rest well. }} {{End section}} =={{tp\|sitelen pona}}== ~~=== Optative ===~~ The {{tp\|[[sitelen pona]]}} glyph for {{tp\|o}} ({{UCSUR char\|{{codepoint\|o}}}}) is composed of the [[Radicals\|punctuation stem]] and the lowercase Latin letter ''O''. The punctuation stem can be drawn upright ({{sp\|1=<span style="font-feature-settings:'ss16';">o</span>\|font="sitelen seli kiwen asuki"}}) or at a diagonal ({{sp\|1=<span style="font-feature-settings:'ss17';">o</span>\|font="sitelen seli kiwen asuki"}}). Compare the glyphs for {{tp\|[[a]]}}, {{tp\|[[kin]]}}, and {{tp\|[[n]]}}. [[o]] can be used instead of [[li]] to indicate that the speaker wishes or hopes for something, or believes that it's better for something to be the case. In many cases, it can be translated with "should" or with sentences starting with "may". In some cases it is used to express "must" or "have to", a meaning that is traditionally covered by {{tp\|[[wile]]}}. =={{tp\|sitelen sitelen}}== ~~[[o]] can be used with [[mi]] and [[sina]], in which case it comes immediately after the [[Glossary#pronoun\|pronoun]] and before the [[Glossary#predicate\|predicate]].~~ {{Empty}} <!--The {{tp\|[[sitelen sitelen]]}} glyph for {{tp\|{{subst:PAGENAME}}}} ({{ss\|{{subst:PAGENAME}}}}) depicts/represents/is derived from/is composed of ….--> ==References== ~~; mi <u>o</u> lape. : I <u>should</u> sleep. (i.e. It would be better if I go to sleep)~~ <references/> ~~; sijelo sina <u>o</u> kama pona.~~ ~~: <u>May</u> your body become good/healthy. (i.e. I wish for your body to become healthy)~~ ~~: I <u>hope</u> you get better!~~ ==Further reading== ===Resources=== Optative constructions can also be used to combine imperative and vocative meanings into one sentence. For example, if you want to address someone called Moja and tell them to come, "{{tp\|jan Moja o kama}}" is more commonly used than "{{tp\|jan Moja o, o kama}}". * {{lipu pu\|en}}: Lesson 10 * {{tok\|jan Kekan San}}: [https://mun.la/sona/o.html Instructions with {{tok\|o}}] * {{tok\|jan Lentan}}: [https://lipu-sona.pona.la/7.html Lesson 7] * {{tok\|jan Misali}}: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZpA_XA5FmU tokiponization (toki pona lesson three)] * {{tok\|soweli Tesa}}: [https://lipu-sona.kittycat.homes/en/o Lesson 13] * {{tp\|nasin toki pona}}: [https://github.com/kilipan/nasin-toki#the-particle-o the particle {{tok\|o}}] * Jonathal Gabel: [https://jonathangabel.com/toki-pona/commands/ Interjections and Commands] ===Dictionaries=== ~~== External resources ==~~ * {{R:Linku}} * [[pu]] Lesson 10 * {{R:Wikipesija}} * [https://lipu-sona.pona.la/7.html jan Lentan Lesson 7] * {{R:Wiktionary}} * [https://sowelitesa.kittycat.homes/lipu-sona/13 soweli Tesa Lesson 13] * [https://jonathangabel.com/toki-pona/commands/ sitelen sitelen Interjections and Commands] * [https://github.com/kilipan/nasin-toki#the-particle-o nasin toki pona] * [https://mun.la/sona/o.html jan Kekan San Instructions with o] {{Words}} [[Category:Particles]]