Phonology: Difference between revisions
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==Inventory== |
==Inventory== |
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Toki Pona has 9 {{ |
Toki Pona has 9 {{w|consonant}}s and 5 {{w|vowel}}s. |
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===Consonants=== |
===Consonants=== |
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!Labial |
!{{w|Labial consonant|Labial}} |
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!{{w|Coronal consonant|Coronal}} |
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!{{w|Dorsal consonant|Dorsal}} |
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!Nasal |
!{{w|Nasal consonant|Nasal}} |
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|{{ |
|{{w|Voiced bilabial nasal|{{tp|m}}}} |
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|{{w|Voiced alveolar nasal|{{tp|n}}}} |
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!Stop |
!{{w|Plosive|Stop}} |
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|{{ |
|{{w|Voiceless bilabial plosive|{{tp|p}}}} |
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|{{w|Voiceless alveolar plosive|{{tp|t}}}} |
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|{{w|Voiceless velar plosive|{{tp|k}}}} |
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!Fricative |
!{{w|Fricative}} |
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|<!--None--> |
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| ||{{tp|s}}|| |
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|{{w|Voiceless alveolar fricative|{{tp|s}}}} |
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!Approximant |
!{{w|Approximant}} |
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|{{ |
|{{w|Voiced labial–velar approximant|{{tp|w}}}} |
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|{{w|Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|{{tp|l}}}} |
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|{{w|Voiced palatal approximant|{{tp|j}}}} |
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Most of the consonants are intuitive to English speakers. |
Most of the consonants are intuitive to English speakers. |
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The letter {{tp|j}} is pronounced like English Y, as it is in "fjord" and "hallelujah". This is also its value in languages like German (''ja'') and Swedish (''hej då''). The letter j was originally an i with a swash tail, and it is helpful to think of it as such in Toki Pona. |
The letter {{w|Voiced palatal approximant|{{tp|j}}}} is pronounced like English Y, as it is in "fjord" and "hallelujah". This is also its value in languages like German (''ja'') and Swedish (''hej då''). The letter j was originally an i with a swash tail, and it is helpful to think of it as such in Toki Pona. |
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Consonants are only distinguished by place and manner of articulation. Qualities like {{wp|Voice (phonetics)|voicing}} and {{wp|Aspirated consonant|aspiration}} do not make a difference: {{tp|p t k}} can be pronounced as {{IPA|[b d ɡ]}} if need be. |
Consonants are only distinguished by place and manner of articulation. Qualities like {{wp|Voice (phonetics)|voicing}} and {{wp|Aspirated consonant|aspiration}} do not make a difference: {{tp|p t k}} can be pronounced as {{IPA|[b d ɡ]}} if need be. |
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! |
! |
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!Front |
!{{w|Front vowel|Front}} |
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!{{w|Back vowel|Back}} |
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!Close |
!{{w|Close vowel|Close}} |
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|{{ |
|{{w|Close front unrounded vowel|{{tp|i}}}} |
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|{{w|Close back rounded vowel|{{tp|u}}}} |
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!{{w|Mid vowel|Mid}} |
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!Mid |
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|{{ |
|{{w|Mid front unrounded vowel|{{tp|e}}}} |
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|{{w|Mid back rounded vowel|{{tp|o}}}} |
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!Open |
!{{w|Open vowel|Open}} |
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|colspan="2"|{{tp|a}} |
|colspan="2"|{{w|Open front unrounded vowel|{{tp|a}}}} |
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Revision as of 18:27, 31 October 2023
Toki Pona's phonology is the set of phonemes (speech sounds) that speakers distinguish between. Phonotactics describe the ways phonemes can be arranged.
Inventory
Toki Pona has 9 consonants and 5 vowels.
Consonants
Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | |
---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | |
Stop | p | t | k |
Fricative | s | ||
Approximant | w | l | j |
Most of the consonants are intuitive to English speakers.
The letter j is pronounced like English Y, as it is in "fjord" and "hallelujah". This is also its value in languages like German (ja) and Swedish (hej då). The letter j was originally an i with a swash tail, and it is helpful to think of it as such in Toki Pona.
Consonants are only distinguished by place and manner of articulation. Qualities like voicing and aspiration do not make a difference: p t k can be pronounced as [b d ɡ] if need be.
Vowels
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
Close | i | u |
Mid | e | o |
Open | a |
According to Toki Pona: The Language of Good, the vowels are ideally more centered than their default values in the International Phonetic Alphabet. a is centralized to [ä], and e o are lowered to mid [e̞ o̞].
Allophones
The tokiponization guidelines suggest some recognizable allophones:
- [v] becomes w, but its unvoiced equivalent [f] becomes p.
- Uvular and velar consonants are allophones of k.
- The rhotic consonants correspond to multiple Toki Pona phonemes. Tapped [ɾ] or trilled [r] becomes l. The English R sound, an often labialized approximant [ɹ⁽ʷ⁾], instead becomes w. As above, the French or German R becomes k.
- Dental fricatives can become t or s.
- Affricates are allophones of fricatives.
- Voiceless laterals become s.
Here is an attempt to chart this information:
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | (Post)velar | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | |||
Plosive | p | t | k | ||
Trill, tap, or flap | l | ||||
Fricative or affricate | p · w | t~s | s | ||
Approximant | w | j | |||
Lateral | — | s · l |
Development and usage | jan Sonja · Toki Pona: The Language of Good (2014) · Tokiponidos · Software (Tools · Fonts) · suno pi toki pona · Toki Pona census · Toki Pona Dictionary (2021) · UCSUR · Linku · ISO 639-3 |
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Conventions | Phonology (Phonotactics) · Words (Tokiponization) · Grammar (Word order) · Social conventions · Writing systems (sitelen Lasina · sitelen pona · sitelen sitelen) · luka pona (sign language) · Number systems · Calendar systems · Styles (pu · pu-rism · ku · Nonstandard) |
Philosophy | Minimalism · Context · Circumlocution · Expression · Lexicalization · Multiple sentences · Comparisons |
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