e
e is a particle that introduces the target of an action. It is part of the predicate and introduces a direct object.
Pronunciation | /e/ |
---|---|
Usage | 2023: Core (100% → )2022: Core (100%) |
Book and era | nimi pu |
Part of speech | Particle |
Codepoint | U+F1909 |
Function
e marks the verb's direct object, the thing to which the subject of the sentence does the action. A verb with a direct object is called a transitive verb.[1] When the action has more than one target, the particle e introduces each new direct object.
jan li wile alasa e mijan li wile alasa e mi[.][2]
Someone wants to hunt me.
ale li ken lukin e ona, e pona ona, e wawa ona!ale li ken lukin e ona, e pona ona, e wawa ona![3]
Everyone could see them, their goodness, [and] their might!
e does not introduce the object of a preposition. Nevertheless, it is sometimes used to introduce the direct object of a prepositional phrase.
Definitions
pu
In the "Official Toki Pona Dictionary" section, the book Toki Pona: The Language of Good defines e as:
PARTICLE (before the direct object)
sitelen pona
The sitelen pona glyph for e () represents the heads of a double arrow symbol, facing rightwards along the standard writing direction. It is a reduplication of the glyph for li (li).
sitelen sitelen
References
- ↑ See Hopper, Paul J., and Sandra A. Thompson. “Transitivity in Grammar and Discourse.” Language, vol. 56, no. 2, 1980, pp. 251–99. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/413757. Accessed 16 Jan. 2024.
- ↑ jan Lakuse, "luka waso pi nena taso" (2023) utala pona http://utala.pona.la/toki-en-lipu/toki-lili.html#luka-waso-pi-nena-taso
- ↑ mun Kekan San, "jan mun" (2023) utala pona http://utala.pona.la/toki-en-lipu/lipu-suli/jan-mun.html#sitelen-Lasina
Further reading
Resources
- Toki Pona: The Language of Good: Lesson 5
- jan Kekan San: Objects with e
- jan Lentan: Lesson 3
- jan Misali: objects (toki pona lesson two)
- soweli Tesa: Lesson 4
- nasin toki pona: the particle e
- Jonathan Gabel: Direct Objects
Dictionaries
- "e" on lipu Linku
- "e" on lipu Wikipesija
- "e" on English Wiktionary