Prepositions: Difference between revisions
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A '''preposition''' is a type of [[content word]] used to express spatial or temporal relations or to mark various {{w|semantic role}}s.<ref>{{cite web|author=jan Juli|title=nasin toki pona: how to use prepositions|url=https://github.com/kilipan/nasin-toki#how-to-use-prepositions|website=GitHub|date=2022-09-23|access-date |
A '''preposition''' is a type of [[content word]] used to express spatial or temporal relations or to mark various {{w|semantic role}}s.<ref>{{cite web|author=jan Juli|title=nasin toki pona: how to use prepositions|url=https://github.com/kilipan/nasin-toki#how-to-use-prepositions|website=GitHub|date=2022-09-23|access-date=2023-11-16}}</ref> The phrase formed by a preposition together and the {{w|complement}} that follows it is called a '''prepositional phrase'''. |
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==Function== |
==Function== |
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== |
==Expanded sytax== |
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{{Nonstandard}} |
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Generally, prepositional phrases can come after the direct object, stand directly after the verb if there is no direct object, or be a predicate all their own.<ref>{{cite web|author=jan Kekan San|title=Prepositions and Context|url=https://mun.la/sona/preps.html|website=mun.la|access-dare=2023-11-16}}</ref> Occasionally they appear before a direct object, |
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Some speakers limit prepositions to the end of a sentence, while some apply it freely. |
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{{Example |
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This is an example of a free preposition placement: |
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|jan [P U T A] li pana <mark>tawa mi </mark> e mi · ona li pana <mark>tawa mi </mark> e jan [S I T A T A] |
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as a modifier, |
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{{Example |
{{Example |
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|waso <mark>lon</mark> |
|waso <mark>lon telo</mark> li pilin musi. |
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|The ducklings <mark>in |
|The ducklings <mark>in the pond</mark> are having fun. |
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|waso <mark>lon telo </mark> li pilin musi |
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}}However, this could also mean:{{Example |
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|The existent water ducklings are having fun. |
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|from=en}}Using ''[[la]],'' the preposition could be shifted to the start of the sentence. {{Example |
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|<mark>tan</mark> pakala sina la moku mi li weka a. |
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|<mark>Because of</mark> your mistake, my food is gone! |
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or in a pi phrase. |
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{{Example |
{{Example |
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|mi toki tawa ilo <mark>pi lon poka mi</mark>.<ref>{{cite web|author=jan Kepe|title=Nasi|date=2023|website=utala pona|url=http://utala.pona.la/toki-en-lipu/lipu-suli/nasi.html}}</ref> |
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|I spoke to the tool that was next to me. |
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|mi toki tawa ilo <mark>pi(lon poka mi) </mark> |
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Revision as of 09:16, 16 January 2024
A preposition is a type of content word used to express spatial or temporal relations or to mark various semantic roles.[1] The phrase formed by a preposition together and the complement that follows it is called a prepositional phrase.
Function
A prepositional phrase gives context to the predicate or subject of the sentence. They describe the location, cause, purpose, quality, or means of the action, actor, or acted-upon. Toki Pona's prepositions are kepeken, lon, sama, tan, and tawa. A prepositional phrase need not follow another verb: it can be a predicate on its own.
mi sitelen e ni kepeken toki lili .mi sitelen e ni kepeken toki lili.[2]
I wrote this by means of few words.
kala li weka tan poka ma li lon noka telo .kala li weka tan poka ma li lon noka telo.[3]
The fish went away from the shore and is in the bottom of the water.
Like preverbs, prepositions are most often modified by a limited group of semiparticles.
jan nasin li wile pona e lawa ona lon ala poka jan.jan nasin li wile pona e lawa ona lon ala poka jan.[4]
A sage wanted to repair their head away from (literally: not next to) people.
mu sina li ike li sama ala mu pi mi ale.mu sina li ike li sama ala mu pi mi ale.[5]
Your moo is bad and unlike our moo.
All of Toki Pona's prepositions are also content words. This can lead to ambiguities, where a sentence means two different things depending on whether the word is interpreted as a preposition or a content word.
mi pana e tomo tawa sina.mi pana e tomo tawa sina.[6]
I give you a house. (tawa is a preposition.)
I brought your car. (tawa is a content word.)
Prepositions vs. transitive verbs
In the sentence A li B e C, the subject A causes the direct object C to become C B.
So, in the sentence ona li tawa e telo, the subject ona causes the telo ("water") to become telo tawa ("going water"); the sentence translates as "They move the water".
In ona li tawa telo, the word tawa instead acts as a preposition. Given that tawa telo is a prepositional phrase meaning "toward water", this sentence translates as "They go to the water".
For another example:
kasi li lon ma alekasi li lon ma ale.
Plants exist at all of the land.
Plants are everywhere.
kasi li lon e ma alekasi li lon e ma ale.
Plants cause all the land to exist.
Plants created the Earth.
Expanded sytax
Generally, prepositional phrases can come after the direct object, stand directly after the verb if there is no direct object, or be a predicate all their own.[7] Occasionally they appear before a direct object,
jan [P U T A] li pana tawa mi e mi · ona li pana tawa mi e jan [S I T A T A]jan Puta li pana tawa mi e mi. ona li pana tawa mi e jan Sitata.[9]
He has given me Siddhartha, myself.[8]
as a modifier,
waso lon telo li pilin musiwaso lon telo li pilin musi.
The ducklings in the pond are having fun.
or in a pi phrase.
mi toki tawa ilo pi(lon poka mi)mi toki tawa ilo pi lon poka mi.[10]
I spoke to the tool that was next to me.
Transitive prepositional phrases
Some speakers allow an entire prepositional phrase to be used as a transitive verb followed by e.
This can be thought of in the same way as a normal transitive verb. In the sentence A li prep B e C, the subject A causes the direct object C to become C prep B.
ona li tawa telo e wasoona li tawa telo e waso.
It moves birds to the liquid.
They sent a bird to the water.
mi tawa tomo pali nanpa luka tu tu pi kulupu [N O K A S I] e sina.mi tawa tomo pali nanpa luka tu tu pi kulupu Nokasi e sina.[11]
I will take you to Nokasi Corp. office number nine.
kasi li lon ma ale e kon ponakasi li lon ma ale e kon pona.
Plants cause good air to exist at all of the land.
Table of prepositions
| Word | Sense | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preposition prep ijo |
Intransitive preposition li prep ijo |
Transitive verb li prep e ijo |
Transitive preposition li prep A e B | |
| kepeken | using | to use | (controversial) see kepeken e | to make B use A |
| lon | at/in/on | to exist at/in/on | to create | to make B be at/in/on A |
| sama | like | to be like | to make alike | to liken B to A |
| tan | from | to be/come from | (rare) to blame | to make B be/come from A |
| tawa | toward | to go to | to move | to move B to A |
References
- ↑ jan Juli. (23 September 2022). "nasin toki pona: how to use prepositions". GitHub. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
- ↑ jan pali pi lipu kule. (24 January 2021). "tan suli lipu li seme?". lipu kule.
- ↑ Joshua Edward. (4 April 2021). "waso suli". lipu sitelen mi.
- ↑ Joshua Edward. "pilin utala". lipu sitelen mi pi toki pona.
- ↑ ijo tan anpa nanpa. (8 July 2023). "mu namako". utala pona.
- ↑ Nikita Ayzikovsky. (28 May 2002). "every day words". Toki Pona Forums.
- ↑ jan Kekan San. "Prepositions and Context". mun.la.
- ↑ Hermann Hesse, Siddhartha (1922) https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2499
- ↑ Hermann Hesse (tr. jan Kala), jan Sitata (2022), https://wikisource.org/wiki/Jan_Sitata/lipu_nanpa_wan/jan_Kotama
- ↑ jan Kepe. (8 July 2023). "Nasi". utala pona.
- ↑ jan Kepe, Nasi (utala pona: 2023) http://utala.pona.la/toki-en-lipu/lipu-suli/nasi.html.