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{{Other license|ask|it was copied from ''[[ma pona pi toki pona]]''}} |
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'''{{tp|e}}''' is a [[particle]] that introduces the target of an action. It is part of the predicate and introduces a direct object. |
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== |
==Function== |
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{{tp|e}} marks the verb's [[direct object]], the thing to which the subject of the sentence does the action. A verb with a direct object is called a transitive verb.<ref>See Hopper, Paul J., and Sandra A. Thompson. “Transitivity in Grammar and Discourse.” Language, vol. 56, no. 2, 1980, pp. 251–99. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/413757. Accessed 16 Jan. 2024.</ref> When the action has more than one target, the particle [[e]] introduces each new direct object. |
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e marks the direct object of the verb. |
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{{Example |
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mi toki e nimi pona = "I say good words" |
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|jan li wile alasa <mark>e</mark> mi[.]<ref>jan Lakuse, "luka waso pi nena taso" (2023) ''utala pona'' http://utala.pona.la/toki-en-lipu/toki-lili.html#luka-waso-pi-nena-taso</ref> |
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== Sources of confusion == |
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|Someone wants to hunt me. |
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Most of the confusion around e comes from not knowing what the direct object is. For example, |
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|jan li wile alasa <mark>e </mark> mi |
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}} |
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{{Example |
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mi toki e sina ≠ "I talk to you" |
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|ale li ken lukin <mark>e</mark> ona, <mark>e</mark> pona ona, <mark>e</mark> wawa ona!<ref>mun Kekan San, "jan mun" (2023) ''utala pona'' http://utala.pona.la/toki-en-lipu/lipu-suli/jan-mun.html#sitelen-Lasina</ref> |
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|Everyone could see them, their goodness, [and] their might! |
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|ale li ken lukin <mark>e </mark>ona <mark>e </mark>pona ona <mark>e </mark>wawa ona |
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}} |
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===Confusion with preposition marker=== |
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mi toki e sina = "I say you" |
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{{tp|e}} does <em>not</em> introduce the object of a [[preposition]]. |
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{{Example|mi lon ma kasi.|I am in a land of plants.}} |
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Remembering what is what isn't as hard as it seems; in English, the direct object never has a preposition. So if in the sentence you're translating, the "object" has a preposition before it (such as to, for, from, etc), it's not the direct object. |
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If {{tp|e}} is used in that position, it invokes a non-prepositional sense of the word. |
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"He walks towards me" = ona li tawa mi |
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[[Category:Particles]] |
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{{Example |
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|mi lon <mark>e</mark> ma kasi. |
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|I created the land of plants. |
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|mi lon <mark>e </mark>ma kasi |
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}} |
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This distinction extends to [[Prepositions#Transitive prepositional phrases|transitive prepositional phrases]], a nonstandard grammatical construction. Speakers who use this style use {{tp|e}} to introduce the direct object of the prepositional phrase. |
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{{Example |
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|mi lon ma <mark>e</mark> kasi. |
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|I put-in-the-soil the plants. |
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|mi lon ma <mark>e </mark>kasi. |
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}} |
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==Definitions== |
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==={{tp|pu}}=== |
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In the "[[Dictionary (pu)|Official Toki Pona Dictionary]]" section, the book {{pu|en}} defines {{tp|e}} as: |
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{{pu def}} |
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=={{tp|sitelen pona}}== |
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The {{tp|[[sitelen pona]]}} glyph for {{tp|e}} ({{UCSUR char|{{codepoint|e}}}}) represents the heads of a double {{w|arrow symbol}}, facing rightwards along the standard writing direction. It is a reduplication of the glyph for {{tp|[[li]]}} ({{sp|li}}). |
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=={{tp|sitelen sitelen}}== |
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{{Empty}} |
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<!--The {{tp|[[sitelen sitelen]]}} glyph for {{tp|{{subst:PAGENAME}}}} ({{ss|{{subst:PAGENAME}}}}) depicts/represents/is derived from/is composed of ….--> |
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==References== |
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<references /> |
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==Further reading== |
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===Resources=== |
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* {{pu|en}}: Lesson 5 |
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* {{tok|jan Kekan San}}: [https://mun.la/sona/e.html Objects with {{tok|e}}] |
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* {{tok|jan Lentan}}: [https://lipu-sona.pona.la/3.html Lesson 3] |
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* {{tok|jan Misali}}: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iUtEN3vOuck objects (toki pona lesson two)] |
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* {{tok|soweli Tesa}}: [https://lipu-sona.kittycat.homes/en/objects Lesson 4] |
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* {{tp|nasin toki pona}}: [https://github.com/kilipan/nasin-toki#the-particle-e the particle {{tok|e}}] |
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* Jonathan Gabel: [https://jonathangabel.com/toki-pona/direct-objects/ Direct Objects] |
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===Dictionaries=== |
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* {{R:Linku}} |
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* {{R:Wikipesija}} |
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* {{R:Wiktionary}} |
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{{Words}} |
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Latest revision as of 15:50, 3 April 2024
  | |
| Pronunciation | /e/ |
|---|---|
| Usage | 2023: Core (100% → )2022: Core (100%) |
| Book and era | nimi pu |
| Part of speech | Particle |
| Codepoint | U+F1909 |
e is a particle that introduces the target of an action. It is part of the predicate and introduces a direct object.
Function[edit | edit source]
e marks the verb's direct object, the thing to which the subject of the sentence does the action. A verb with a direct object is called a transitive verb.[1] When the action has more than one target, the particle e introduces each new direct object.
jan li wile alasa e mijan li wile alasa e mi[.][2]
Someone wants to hunt me.
ale li ken lukin e ona e pona ona e wawa onaale li ken lukin e ona, e pona ona, e wawa ona![3]
Everyone could see them, their goodness, [and] their might!
Confusion with preposition marker[edit | edit source]
e does not introduce the object of a preposition.
mi lon ma kasimi lon ma kasi.
I am in a land of plants.
If e is used in that position, it invokes a non-prepositional sense of the word.
mi lon e ma kasimi lon e ma kasi.
I created the land of plants.
This distinction extends to transitive prepositional phrases, a nonstandard grammatical construction. Speakers who use this style use e to introduce the direct object of the prepositional phrase.
mi lon ma e kasi.mi lon ma e kasi.
I put-in-the-soil the plants.
Definitions[edit | edit source]
pu[edit | edit source]
In the "Official Toki Pona Dictionary" section, the book Toki Pona: The Language of Good defines e as:
PARTICLE (before the direct object)
sitelen pona[edit | edit source]
The sitelen pona glyph for e () represents the heads of a double arrow symbol, facing rightwards along the standard writing direction. It is a reduplication of the glyph for li (li).
sitelen sitelen[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ See Hopper, Paul J., and Sandra A. Thompson. “Transitivity in Grammar and Discourse.” Language, vol. 56, no. 2, 1980, pp. 251–99. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/413757. Accessed 16 Jan. 2024.
- ↑ jan Lakuse, "luka waso pi nena taso" (2023) utala pona http://utala.pona.la/toki-en-lipu/toki-lili.html#luka-waso-pi-nena-taso
- ↑ mun Kekan San, "jan mun" (2023) utala pona http://utala.pona.la/toki-en-lipu/lipu-suli/jan-mun.html#sitelen-Lasina
Further reading[edit | edit source]
Resources[edit | edit source]
- Toki Pona: The Language of Good: Lesson 5
- jan Kekan San: Objects with e
- jan Lentan: Lesson 3
- jan Misali: objects (toki pona lesson two)
- soweli Tesa: Lesson 4
- nasin toki pona: the particle e
- Jonathan Gabel: Direct Objects
Dictionaries[edit | edit source]
- "e" on lipu Linku
- "e" on lipu Wikipesija
- "e" on English Wiktionary