en: Difference between revisions
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{{Historical}} |
{{Historical}} |
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Originally, [[en]] separated multiple modifiers that all applied to a single noun.<ref name="lesson5">{{cite web|author=Sonja Lang|title=Original lesson 5|date=c. 2001|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821024459/http://bknight0.myweb.uga.edu/toki/about/lesson/tp5.html|website=jan Pije's site|urldate=2024-01-13}}</ref> |
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===Historical usage=== |
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The function of the particle {{tp|en}} has changed throughout the development of Toki Pona. [[Sonja Lang]] first defined it as such in a forum post from 2002, in the section called "Early Toki Pona":<ref name="lang2002">{{cite web|url=http://forums.tokipona.org/viewtopic.php?t=81|title=The words "en", "kin", and "kan"|website=Toki Pona Forums|author=Sonja Lang|date=2002-10-27|access-date=2023-10-10}}</ref> |
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{{Example |
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<blockquote> |
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|sona pona li sona sewi ala. [[iki]] li sona mute en ale. |
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"{{tok|en}}" divided between modifiers = and |
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|True intelligence is not to know elite things, but rather to know many things about everything.<ref name="proverbs">{{cite web|title=Toki Pona Proverbs|date=c. 2002-09-02|url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20020902200945/http://www.tokipona.org/lit-prov.php|author=Sonja Lang|website=tokipona.org|urldate=2024-01-13}}</ref> |
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{{Indent|1={{tok|jan pona en suli}} = good and tall person}} |
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}} |
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There was no clear way to divide between head nouns. "en" needed to |
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be repeated to divide between multiple main nouns, which was clumsy |
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at times |
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{{Indent|1={{tok|en kon lete en suno}} = the north wind and the sun}} |
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(because "kon lete en suno" would have meant "cold and sunny air") |
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</blockquote> |
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{{Example |
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In the original documentation, {{tp|en}} is used both to separate modifiers and to seperate the nouns of a subject. This use was also documented in the original toki pona lessons by {{tok|[[jan Pije]]}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bknight0.myweb.uga.edu/toki/about/lesson/tp5.html|title=Lesson 5|website={{tok|lipu pi jan Pije}}|author=Sonja Lang|archived-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821024459/http://bknight0.myweb.uga.edu/toki/about/lesson/tp5.html|archive-date=2009-08-21|access-date=2023-10-10}}</ref> |
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|ma ale li jo e toki wan en sama. |
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|And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.<ref name="religtext" /> |
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}} |
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It also served to separate the subjects of a sentence, but was originally restricted to a separating subjects that were only one word.<ref name="lesson5" /> |
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===Current usage=== |
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In 2002, Lang also proposed the following reforms, restricing {{tp|en}} to the subject of the sentence, as well as establishing the use of {{tp|[[kin]]}} and removing {{tp|[[kan]]}}:<ref name="lang2002"/> |
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{{Example |
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<blockquote> |
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|supa en ilo li nasa en sin. |
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"en" is now used to divide between head nouns. […] There is no longer a way to divide between modifiers. This is no longer necessary. A "tall and good" person is simply a tall "good person" or a good "tall person", as you will. |
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|The table and the machine are strange and new.<ref name="lesson5" /> |
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</blockquote> |
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}} |
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{{Example |
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|wile en tawa jo li nasa e lawa jan. |
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|Racing and hunting madden our minds.<ref name="religtext" /> |
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}} |
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There was no clear way to divide between subjects,<ref name="forums2002">{{cite web|url=http://forums.tokipona.org/viewtopic.php?p=206|title=the words "{{tok|en}}", "{{tok|kin}}" and "{{tok|kan}}"|author={{tok|[[jan Sonja]]}}|username=|date=2002-10-27|website=Toki Pona Forums|publisher=|access-date=2023-12-02|quote=}}</ref> so to accommodate subjects with multiple words Sonja proposed extending [[en]] to mark subjects by going before them.<ref name="corresp">{{cite web|author=Justin B. Rye and Sonja Lang|title=Correspondence|date=2002|url=http://forums.tokipona.org/viewtopic.php?f=33&t=21|website=forums.tokipona.org|urldate=2024-01-13}}</ref> |
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{{Example |
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|en utala en utala ala li wile lon. |
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|Both war and peace need to exist.<ref name="ircchat">{{cite web|title=Chat logs|author=Sonja Lang|date=2002-07-01|website=tokipona.nykta.org|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204105252/http://tokipona.nytka.org/text/chat.html|urldate=2024-01-14}}</ref> |
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}} |
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In early works, before late 2002, it was used more freely to separate multiple objects and prepositional phrases. |
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{{Example |
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|jan sewi Jawe li tu e suno en pimeja. |
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|God divided the light from the darkness.<ref name="religtext">{{cite web|title=Religious Texts|author=Sonja Lang|date=2002-09-03|url=https://archive.ph/yuYp1|website=tokipona.org|urldate=2024-01-14}}</ref> |
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|jan sewi [jan awen wawa epiku] li tu e suno en pimeja. |
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}} |
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{{Example |
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|jan o pali e wile sina en lon sewi kon en lon ma. |
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|Thy will be done in earth, as it is in heaven.<ref name="religtext" /> |
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}} |
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| ⚫ | However, a reform proposed in October 2002 restricted [[en]] to dividing between the subjects of a sentence and no longer dividing modifiers.<ref name="forums2002" /> This reform was accepted unanimously by the online community by 1 November 2002 and became standard usage thereafter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forums.tokipona.org/viewtopic.php?f=33&t=17&p=220|title=Poll results for tokipona|website=Toki Pona Forums|author=tokipona@yahoogroups.com|date=2002-11-01|access-date=2023-10-10}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | |||
==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 00:19, 18 January 2024
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| Pronunciation | /en/ |
|---|---|
| Usage | 2023: Core (99% ↗︎ )2022: Core (98%) |
| Book and era | nimi pu |
| Part of speech | Particle |
| Codepoint | U+F190A |
en is a particle used to introduce multiple subjects to a single sentence. Despite common misconception from learners, the word en does not mean "and", which is instead implied with the repetition of any particle or preposition.
Function
en en introduces a new subject, similarly to how the particles li and e introduce a predicate and direct object, respectively. In standard usage, it chiefly appears in between subjects.
mi en sina li pali e panmi en sina li pali e pan
I and you bake bread.
jan en soweli li tawa lon ma kasijan en soweli li tawa lon ma kasi
Someone is walking their dog in the woods.
Definitions
pu
In the "Official Toki Pona Dictionary" section, the book Toki Pona: The Language of Good defines en as:
PARTICLE (between multiple subjects)
ku
For Toki Pona Dictionary, respondents in ma pona pi toki pona translated these English words as en:[1]
and3, plus3
sitelen pona
The sitelen pona glyph for en () is a symmetrical cardinal cross representing the plus sign (+) and addition, as in adding another subject.
History
Originally, en separated multiple modifiers that all applied to a single noun.[2]
sona pona li sona sewi ala iki li sona mute en alesona pona li sona sewi ala. iki li sona mute en ale.
True intelligence is not to know elite things, but rather to know many things about everything.[3]
ma ale li jo e toki wan en samama ale li jo e toki wan en sama.
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.[4]
It also served to separate the subjects of a sentence, but was originally restricted to a separating subjects that were only one word.[2]
supa en ilo li nasa en sinsupa en ilo li nasa en sin.
The table and the machine are strange and new.[2]
wile en tawa jo li nasa e lawa janwile en tawa jo li nasa e lawa jan.
Racing and hunting madden our minds.[4]
There was no clear way to divide between subjects,[5] so to accommodate subjects with multiple words Sonja proposed extending en to mark subjects by going before them.[6]
en utala en utala ala li wile lonen utala en utala ala li wile lon.
Both war and peace need to exist.[7]
In early works, before late 2002, it was used more freely to separate multiple objects and prepositional phrases.
jan sewi [jan awen wawa epiku] li tu e suno en pimeja.jan sewi Jawe li tu e suno en pimeja.
God divided the light from the darkness.[4]
jan o pali e wile sina en lon sewi kon en lon majan o pali e wile sina en lon sewi kon en lon ma.
Thy will be done in earth, as it is in heaven.[4]
However, a reform proposed in October 2002 restricted en to dividing between the subjects of a sentence and no longer dividing modifiers.[5] This reform was accepted unanimously by the online community by 1 November 2002 and became standard usage thereafter.[8]
References
- ↑ Lang, Sonja. (18 July 2021). Toki Pona Dictionary. Illustrated by Vacon Sartirani. Tawhid. ISBN 978-0978292362. p. 205.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Sonja Lang. (29 June 2024). "Original lesson 5". jan Pije's site.
- ↑ Sonja Lang. (1 September 2002). "Toki Pona Proverbs". tokipona.org.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Sonja Lang. (3 September 2002). "Religious Texts". tokipona.org.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 jan Sonja. (27 October 2002). "the words "en", "kin" and "kan"". Toki Pona Forums. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
- ↑ Justin B. Rye and Sonja Lang. (29 June 2002). "Correspondence". forums.tokipona.org.
- ↑ Sonja Lang. (1 July 2002). "Chat logs". tokipona.nykta.org.
- ↑ tokipona@yahoogroups.com. (1 November 2002). "Poll results for tokipona". Toki Pona Forums. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
Further reading
Resources
- Toki Pona: The Language of Good: Lesson 16
- jan Lentan: Lesson 5
- soweli Tesa: Lesson 19
Resources for historical usage
- jan Sonja (2002): Lesson 5
Dictionaries
- "en" on lipu Linku
- "en" on lipu Wikipesija
- "en" on English Wiktionary