o: Difference between revisions
Jan Jakason (talk | contribs) (→History: Original text under history as a translation of “o ona li lape pona” was “let she rest well”, which is grammatically incorrect in English. Changed to “let her rest well”.) |
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'''{{tp|o}}''' is a [[particle]] used to express desires and wishes, as well as to |
'''{{tp|o}}''' is a [[particle]] used to express desires and wishes, as well as to address a listener. |
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==Functions== |
==Functions== |
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|toki, jan ale o! |
|toki, jan ale o! |
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|Hi, everybody! |
|Hi, everybody! |
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|toki |
|toki {{idsp}} jan-ale o |
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}} |
}} |
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{{Example |
{{Example |
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|soweli mi o, sina moku e lipu mi tan seme? |
|soweli mi o, sina moku e lipu mi tan seme? |
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|Doggo, why did you eat my homework? |
|Doggo, why did you eat my homework? |
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|soweli mi o |
|soweli mi o {{idsp}} sina moku e lipu mi tan seme |
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}} |
}} |
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|jan Alu o, o kama! |
|jan Alu o, o kama! |
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|Come, {{tok|Alu}}! |
|Come, {{tok|Alu}}! |
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|jan [ale luka uta] o |
|jan [ale luka uta] o {{idsp}} o kama |
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}} |
}} |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Some of the earliest Toki Pona texts feature an obsolete use of ''o.'' Placed before the subject of a sentence, ''o'' expressed the [[Glossary#optative|optative mood]] (used for wishes); before the predicate, it could only signal an [[Glossary#Imperative|imperative]] (used for commands). The following examples of optative sentences are taken from the earliest version of Toki Pona's Wikipedia page<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toki_Pona&oldid=2842887</ref> (2004), but the vocabulary in the text suggests it was written in 2002. |
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{{Historical}} |
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{{Example|o nimi pi mi mute li kama suli!|May our name become important!}}{{Example|o jan li sona ala e toki pi jan ante.|May people not understand each other's languages.}}{{Example|o ona li lape pona.|Let her rest well.}} |
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Some speakers, such as {{tok|jan Kipo}} (John Clifford) |
''o'' stopped appearing before the subject early in the language's history.{{citation needed|date=2024-05-06}} Since then, the second sentence type with ''o'' (before the predicate) has subsumed the meaning of the former: the imperative and optative were merged. Some speakers, such as {{tok|jan Kipo}} (John Clifford) and {{tok|jan Minasa}} (astrodonunt)<!-- hi juwan! little did you know i was also doing a smaller edit to the same page, i have no idea how to cite the yt video la sina kxk ni lon ni a -->, prefer the historical usage of {{tp|o}}, despite it now being considered nonstandard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/stefichjo/toki-pona/blob/master/kipo.md|title=Dialectal Toki Pona (KIPO)|website=GitHub|author=Stephan Schneider ({{tok|jan Tepan}})|date=2015}}</ref><!-- prefer or preferred? --> |
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=={{tp|sitelen pona}}== |
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{{Example |
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| ⚫ | The {{tp|[[sitelen pona]]}} glyph for {{tp|o}} ({{UCSUR char|{{codepoint|o}}}}) is composed of the [[sitelen pona radicals|punctuation stem]] and the lowercase Latin letter ''O''. The punctuation stem can be drawn upright ({{sp|1=<span style="font-feature-settings:'ss16';">o</span>|font="sitelen seli kiwen asuki"}}) or at a diagonal ({{sp|1=<span style="font-feature-settings:'ss17';">o</span>|font="sitelen seli kiwen asuki"}}). Compare the glyphs for {{tp|[[a]]}}, {{tp|[[kin]]}}, and {{tp|[[n]]}}. |
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|o ona li lape pona. |
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|Let her rest well. |
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}} |
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=={{tp|sitelen |
=={{tp|sitelen sitelen}}== |
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{{Empty}} |
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| ⚫ | The {{tp|[[sitelen pona]]}} glyph for {{tp|o}} ({{UCSUR char|{{codepoint|o}}}}) is composed of the [[ |
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<!--The {{tp|[[sitelen sitelen]]}} glyph for {{tp|{{subst:PAGENAME}}}} ({{ss|{{subst:PAGENAME}}}}) depicts/represents/is derived from/is composed of ….--> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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* {{tok|jan Lentan}}: [https://lipu-sona.pona.la/7.html Lesson 7] |
* {{tok|jan Lentan}}: [https://lipu-sona.pona.la/7.html Lesson 7] |
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* {{tok|jan Misali}}: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZpA_XA5FmU tokiponization (toki pona lesson three)] |
* {{tok|jan Misali}}: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZpA_XA5FmU tokiponization (toki pona lesson three)] |
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* {{tok|soweli Tesa}}: [https:// |
* {{tok|soweli Tesa}}: [https://lipu-sona.kittycat.homes/en/o Lesson 13] |
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* {{tp|nasin toki pona}}: [https://github.com/kilipan/nasin-toki#the-particle-o the particle {{tok|o}}] |
* {{tp|nasin toki pona}}: [https://github.com/kilipan/nasin-toki#the-particle-o the particle {{tok|o}}] |
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* Jonathal Gabel: [https://jonathangabel.com/toki-pona/commands/ Interjections and Commands] |
* Jonathal Gabel: [https://jonathangabel.com/toki-pona/commands/ Interjections and Commands] |
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Latest revision as of 20:10, 19 May 2024
  | |
| Pronunciation | /o/ |
|---|---|
| Usage | 2023: Core (100% → )2022: Core (100%) |
| Book and era | nimi pu |
| Part of speech | Particle |
| Codepoint | U+F1944 |
o is a particle used to express desires and wishes, as well as to address a listener.
Functions[edit | edit source]
Imperative and optative[edit | edit source]
o is used to indicate an imperative, expressing a command or instruction. In this case, the particle li is replaced by o and the subject may optionally be ommited. Unlike li, the particle o can be used following mi or sina.
o kama sona e toki-ponao kama sona e toki pona!
Learn Toki Pona!
o pakala ala e ijo mio pakala ala e ijo mi!
Do not break my things!
o is also used to indicate an optative mood, expressing a wish or hope. In many cases, it can be translated with "should" or with sentences starting with "may". In some cases it is used to express "must" or "have to", a meaning that is traditionally covered by wile.
mi o lapemi o lape.
I should sleep. (i.e. It would be better if I went to sleep)
sijelo sina o kama ponasijelo sina o kama pona.
May your body become good/healthy. (i.e. I wish for your body to become healthy)
I hope you get better!
Vocative[edit | edit source]
o, following a word or phrase, indicates a vocative phrase, expressing that the speaker is addressing that person, place, or thing. The phrase may either go before or after the rest of the sentence.
toki jan-ale otoki, jan ale o!
Hi, everybody!
soweli mi o sina moku e lipu mi tan semesoweli mi o, sina moku e lipu mi tan seme?
Doggo, why did you eat my homework?
If o comes before the addressee instead, it becomes a command to be or personify them. For example, o jan ale! means "Be everyone!" and o soweli mi! means "Be my pet!"
Combining both imperative and vocative phrases together can be expressed with a single o:
jan [ale luka uta] o kamajan Alu o kama!
Come, Alu!
Alternatively, they may be separated:[citation needed…]
jan [ale luka uta] o o kamajan Alu o, o kama!
Come, Alu!
Definitions[edit | edit source]
ku[edit | edit source]
For Toki Pona Dictionary, respondents in ma pona pi toki pona translated these English words as o:[1]
hey3, shall3, should2, ought2, must2, please1, let½, dare½, mandate½, dear½
History[edit | edit source]
Some of the earliest Toki Pona texts feature an obsolete use of o. Placed before the subject of a sentence, o expressed the optative mood (used for wishes); before the predicate, it could only signal an imperative (used for commands). The following examples of optative sentences are taken from the earliest version of Toki Pona's Wikipedia page[2] (2004), but the vocabulary in the text suggests it was written in 2002.
o nimi pi mi mute li kama suli!o nimi pi mi mute li kama suli!
May our name become important!
o jan li sona ala e toki pi jan anteo jan li sona ala e toki pi jan ante.
May people not understand each other's languages.
o ona li lape ponao ona li lape pona.
Let her rest well.
o stopped appearing before the subject early in the language's history.[citation needed] Since then, the second sentence type with o (before the predicate) has subsumed the meaning of the former: the imperative and optative were merged. Some speakers, such as jan Kipo (John Clifford) and jan Minasa (astrodonunt), prefer the historical usage of o, despite it now being considered nonstandard.[3]
sitelen pona[edit | edit source]
The sitelen pona glyph for o () is composed of the punctuation stem and the lowercase Latin letter O. The punctuation stem can be drawn upright (o) or at a diagonal (o). Compare the glyphs for a, kin, and n.
sitelen sitelen[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Lang, Sonja. (18 July 2021). Toki Pona Dictionary. Illustrated by Vacon Sartirani. Tawhid. ISBN 978-0978292362. p. 304.
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toki_Pona&oldid=2842887
- ↑ Stephan Schneider (jan Tepan). (30 May 2015). "Dialectal Toki Pona (KIPO)". GitHub.
Further reading[edit | edit source]
Resources[edit | edit source]
- Toki Pona: The Language of Good: Lesson 10
- jan Kekan San: Instructions with o
- jan Lentan: Lesson 7
- jan Misali: tokiponization (toki pona lesson three)
- soweli Tesa: Lesson 13
- nasin toki pona: the particle o
- Jonathal Gabel: Interjections and Commands
Dictionaries[edit | edit source]
- "o" on lipu Linku
- "o" on lipu Wikipesija
- "o" on English Wiktionary