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===Separating context phrases===
===Separating context phrases===
{{Nonstandard|section}}
{{Start section|Nonstandard}}
⚫
In the dialect used in {{tp|[[ma pona pi toki pona]]}}, {{tp|en}} can be used to separate phrases in the context of a sentence before the particle {{tp|[[la]]}}.

⚫
In the dialect of Toki Pona used by [[ma pona pi toki pona]],{{Citation needed}} {{tok|en}} can be used to separate phrases in the context of a sentence before {{tok|[[la]]}}.


{{Example
{{Example
|mu pona en toki pona ni kin la soweli li soweli pona.<ref>{{cite web|website=utala pona|title={{tok|mu namako}}|author=ijo tan anpa nanpa (Itan)|date=2023-07-15|url=http://utala.pona.la/toki-en-lipu/toki-lili.html#mu-namako|urldate=2024-01-29}}</ref>
|ma pi telo ala <mark>en</mark> weka pi ijo ante ale la tomo suli li lon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lipukule.org/post/2021/02/07/tomo-kasi-nanpa-tu/|title=tomo kasi nanpa tu|lang=tok|website={{tok|lipu kule}}|author={{tok|kule epiku Atawan}}|date=2021-02-07|access-date=2024-02-13}}</ref>
|In this dry land <mark>and</mark> far away from away everything else, there are big buildings.
|Due to the nice moos, and this pep talk too, an animal is a good animal.
|ma pi (telo ala) <mark>en </mark> weka pi (ijo-ante ale) la tomo suli li lon.
}}
}}
{{End section}}


==Definitions==
==Definitions==

==={{tp|pu}}===
==={{tp|pu}}===
In the "[[Dictionary (pu)|Official Toki Pona Dictionary]]" section, the book {{pu|en}} defines {{tp|en}} as:
In the "[[Dictionary (pu)|Official Toki Pona Dictionary]]" section, the book {{pu|en}} defines {{tp|en}} as:
Line 44: Line 44:
The {{tp|[[sitelen pona]]}} glyph for {{tp|en}} ({{UCSUR char|{{codepoint|en}}}}) is a symmetrical cardinal cross representing the {{w|plus sign}} (+) and {{w|addition}}, as in adding another subject.
The {{tp|[[sitelen pona]]}} glyph for {{tp|en}} ({{UCSUR char|{{codepoint|en}}}}) is a symmetrical cardinal cross representing the {{w|plus sign}} (+) and {{w|addition}}, as in adding another subject.


=={{tp|sitelen sitelen}}==
⚫
==History==
The {{tp|[[sitelen sitelen]]}} word glyph for {{tp|en}} ({{ss|en}}) is a rounded rectangle containing two or more plus-shaped {{tp|e}} radicals in a row. It is typically placed as a divider between the words that precede and follow it, and it is often rotated, with both vertical and horizontal forms being very common.
⚫
{{Historical}}


Like with any monosyllabic word, it may also optionally be written with a syllable glyph ({{ss|EN}}), although this is not common with {{tp|en}}.

⚫
==History==
⚫
{{Start section|Historical}}
===Historical usage===
===Historical usage===
The function of the particle {{tp|en}} has changed throughout the development of Toki Pona. [[Sonja Lang]] first defined it as such in a forum post from 2002, in the section called "Early Toki Pona":<ref name="lang2002">{{cite web|url=http://forums.tokipona.org/viewtopic.php?t=81|title=The words "en", "kin", and "kan"|website=Toki Pona Forums|author=Sonja Lang|date=2002-10-27|access-date=2023-10-10}}</ref>
The function of the particle {{tp|en}} has changed throughout the development of Toki Pona. [[Sonja Lang]] first defined it as such in a forum post from 2002, in the section called "Early Toki Pona":<ref name="lang2002">{{cite web|url=http://forums.tokipona.org/viewtopic.php?t=81|title=The words "en", "kin", and "kan"|website=Toki Pona Forums|author=Sonja Lang|date=2002-10-27|access-date=2023-10-10}}</ref>
Line 53: Line 57:
"{{tok|en}}" divided between modifiers = and
"{{tok|en}}" divided between modifiers = and
{{Indent|1={{tok|jan pona en suli}} = good and tall person}}
{{Indent|1={{tok|jan pona en suli}} = good and tall person}}
</blockquote>
There was no clear way to divide between head nouns. "en" needed to
There was no clear way to divide between head nouns. "en" needed to
be repeated to divide between multiple main nouns, which was clumsy
be repeated to divide between multiple main nouns, which was clumsy
at times
at times
<blockquote>
{{Indent|1={{tok|en kon lete en suno}} = the north wind and the sun}}
{{Indent|1={{tok|en kon lete en suno}} = the north wind and the sun}}
(because "kon lete en suno" would have meant "cold and sunny air")
(because "kon lete en suno" would have meant "cold and sunny air")
</blockquote>
</blockquote>


In the original documentation, {{tp|en}} is used both to separate modifiers and to seperate the nouns of a subject. This use was also documented in the original toki pona lessons by {{tok|[[jan Sonja]]}}.<ref name="lesson5">{{cite web|url=http://bknight0.myweb.uga.edu/toki/about/lesson/tp5.html|title=Lesson 5|website={{tok|lipu pi jan Pije}}|author=Sonja Lang|archived-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821024459/http://bknight0.myweb.uga.edu/toki/about/lesson/tp5.html|archive-date=2009-08-21|access-date=2023-10-10}}</ref>
In the original documentation, {{tp|en}} is used both to separate modifiers and to seperate the nouns of a subject. This use was also documented in the original toki pona lessons by {{tok|[[jan Sonja]]}}.<ref name="lesson5">{{cite web|url=http://bknight0.myweb.uga.edu/toki/about/lesson/tp5.html|url-status=dead|title=Lesson 5|website={{tok|lipu pi jan Pije}}|author=Sonja Lang|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821024459/http://bknight0.myweb.uga.edu/toki/about/lesson/tp5.html|archive-date=2009-08-21|access-date=2023-10-10}}</ref>


{{Example
{{Example
|sona pona li sona sewi ala. iki li sona mute en ale.
|sona pona li sona sewi ala. iki li sona mute en ale.
|True intelligence is not to know elite things, but rather to know many things about everything.<ref name="proverbs">{{cite web|title=Toki Pona Proverbs|date=c. 2002-09-02|url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20020902200945/http://www.tokipona.org/lit-prov.php|author=Sonja Lang|website=tokipona.org|urldate=2024-01-13}}</ref>
|True intelligence is not to know elite things, but rather to know many things about everything.<ref name="proverbs">{{cite web|title=Toki Pona Proverbs|date=c. 2002-09-02|url=http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20020902200945/http://www.tokipona.org/lit-prov.php|author=Sonja Lang|website=tokipona.org|urldate=2024-01-13}}</ref>
|sona-pona li sona sewi ala. iki li sona mute en ale
|sona-pona li sona sewi ala {{idsp}} iki li sona mute en ale
}}
}}


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===Modern usage===
===Modern usage===
{{needs work|post-2002 usage was not completely the same as current usage, as it was not limited to subjects. IIRC {{tp|jan Pije}}'s course continued to teach {{tp|en}} in prepositional phrases and in {{tp|pi}} phrases until the course was deprecated, well after {{tp|pu}} was published. So the "historical usage" and "modern usage" sections should perhaps be renamed or merged, and the change to subject-only usage explained.|section}}
⚫
A reform proposed in October 2002 restricted {{tp|en}} to dividing between the subjects of a sentence and no longer dividing modifiers.<ref name="forums2002" /> This reform was accepted unanimously by the online community by 1 November 2002 and became standard usage thereafter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forums.tokipona.org/viewtopic.php?f=33&t=17&p=220|title=Poll results for tokipona|website=Toki Pona Forums|author=tokipona@yahoogroups.com|date=2002-11-01|access-date=2023-10-10}}</ref>

⚫
A reform proposed in October 2002 restricted {{tp|en}} to dividing head nouns and no longer dividing modifiers.<ref name="forums2002" /> This reform was accepted unanimously by the online community by 1 November 2002 and became standard usage thereafter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forums.tokipona.org/viewtopic.php?f=33&t=17&p=220|title=Poll results for tokipona|website=Toki Pona Forums|author=tokipona@yahoogroups.com|date=2002-11-01|access-date=2023-10-10}}</ref>


<blockquote>
<blockquote>
"en" is now used to divide between head nouns. […] There is no longer a way to divide between modifiers. This is no longer necessary. A "tall and good" person is simply a tall "good person" or a good "tall person", as you will.
"en" is now used to divide between head nouns. […] There is no longer a way to divide between modifiers. This is no longer necessary. A "tall and good" person is simply a tall "good person" or a good "tall person", as you will.
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
{{End section}}

==Experimental usage==
{{Start section|Experimental}}
{{Needs work|Reference nasin kijetesantakalu|section}}

===Non-April Fools' grammar===
In an experimental style, the word {{tp|en}} is introduced before every subject, except when there is only a single subject without any context phrases or particles preceding it. Rationale includes clarifying the subject and harmonization with other particles, such as {{tp|li}} and {{tp|e}}.

{{Example
|en ijo laso en ijo loje li lon.
|There are blue and red things.
|en ijo-laso en ijo-loje li lon.
}}

{{Example
|taso en tenpo pini en tenpo lon la ni li lon ala.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lipukule.org/post/2023/01/03/nasin-pi-utala-meli-mije/|title=nasin pi utala meli mije|lang=tok|website={{tok|lipu kule}}|author={{tok|jan Olipija}}|date=2023-01-03|access-date=2024-02-13}}</ref>
|However, both in the past and present, that has not come true.
|taso en tenpo pini en tenpo lon la ni li lon ala
}}
{{End section}}


==References==
==References==
Line 120: Line 149:
* {{pu|en}}: Lesson 16
* {{pu|en}}: Lesson 16
* {{tok|jan Lentan}}: [https://lipu-sona.pona.la/5.html Lesson 5]
* {{tok|jan Lentan}}: [https://lipu-sona.pona.la/5.html Lesson 5]
* {{tok|soweli Tesa}}: [https://sowelitesa.kittycat.homes/lipu-sona/19 Lesson 19]
* {{tok|soweli Tesa}}: [https://lipu-sona.kittycat.homes/en/and Lesson 19]


===Resources for historical usage===
===Resources for historical usage===

Latest revision as of 02:02, 17 May 2024

Not to be confused with And.
en in sitelen pona
en in sitelen sitelen
Pronunciation /en/
Usage 2023: Core (99% ↗︎ )2022: Core (98%)
Book and era nimi pu
Part of speech Particle
Codepoint 󱤊 U+F190A

en is a particle used to introduce multiple subjects to a single sentence. Despite common misconception from learners, the word en does not mean "and", which is instead implied with the repetition of any particle or preposition.

Function[edit | edit source]

en en introduces a new subject, similarly to how the particles li and e introduce a predicate and direct object, respectively. In standard usage, it chiefly appears in between subjects.

mi en sina li pali e pan

mi en sina li pali e pan

I and you bake bread.

jan en soweli li tawa lon ma kasi

jan en soweli li tawa lon ma kasi

Someone is walking their dog in the woods.

Separating context phrases[edit | edit source]

Caution: The subject of this section is nonstandard and will not be understood by most speakers.
If you are a learner, this information will not help you speak the language. It is recommended to familiarize yourself with the standard style, and to be informed and selective about which nonstandard styles you adopt.

In the dialect used in ma pona pi toki pona, en can be used to separate phrases in the context of a sentence before the particle la.

ma pi (telo ala) en weka pi (ijo-ante ale) la tomo suli li lon.

ma pi telo ala en weka pi ijo ante ale la tomo suli li lon.[1]

In this dry land and far away from away everything else, there are big buildings.

Definitions[edit | edit source]

pu[edit | edit source]

In the "Official Toki Pona Dictionary" section, the book Toki Pona: The Language of Good defines en as:

PARTICLE  (between multiple subjects)

ku[edit | edit source]

For Toki Pona Dictionary, respondents in ma pona pi toki pona translated these English words as en:[2]

and3, plus3

sitelen pona[edit | edit source]

The sitelen pona glyph for en (󱤊) is a symmetrical cardinal cross representing the plus sign (+) and addition, as in adding another subject.

sitelen sitelen[edit | edit source]

The sitelen sitelen word glyph for en (en) is a rounded rectangle containing two or more plus-shaped e radicals in a row. It is typically placed as a divider between the words that precede and follow it, and it is often rotated, with both vertical and horizontal forms being very common.

Like with any monosyllabic word, it may also optionally be written with a syllable glyph (EN), although this is not common with en.

History[edit | edit source]

Caution: The subject of this section is historical information that is presented for completeness, and might not reflect current usage.

Historical usage[edit | edit source]

The function of the particle en has changed throughout the development of Toki Pona. Sonja Lang first defined it as such in a forum post from 2002, in the section called "Early Toki Pona":[3]

"en" divided between modifiers = and

jan pona en suli = good and tall person

There was no clear way to divide between head nouns. "en" needed to be repeated to divide between multiple main nouns, which was clumsy at times

en kon lete en suno = the north wind and the sun

(because "kon lete en suno" would have meant "cold and sunny air")

In the original documentation, en is used both to separate modifiers and to seperate the nouns of a subject. This use was also documented in the original toki pona lessons by jan Sonja.[4]

sona-pona li sona sewi ala 　 iki li sona mute en ale

sona pona li sona sewi ala. iki li sona mute en ale.

True intelligence is not to know elite things, but rather to know many things about everything.[5]

ma ale li jo e toki wan en sama　

ma ale li jo e toki wan en sama.

And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.[6]

It also served to separate the subjects of a sentence, but was originally restricted to a separating subjects that were only one word.[4]

supa en ilo li nasa en sin　

supa en ilo li nasa en sin.

The table and the machine are strange and new.[4]

wile en tawa jo li nasa e lawa jan　

wile en tawa jo li nasa e lawa jan.

Racing and hunting madden our minds.[6]

There was no clear way to divide between subjects,[7] so to accommodate subjects with multiple words Sonja proposed extending en to mark subjects by going before them.[8]

en utala en utala ala li wile lon　

en utala en utala ala li wile lon.

Both war and peace need to exist.[9]

In early works, before late 2002, it was used more freely to separate multiple objects and prepositional phrases.

jan sewi [jan awen wawa en] li tu e suno en pimeja.

jan sewi Jawe li tu e suno en pimeja.

God divided the light from the darkness.[6]

jan o pali e wile sina en lon sewi kon en lon ma　

jan o pali e wile sina en lon sewi kon en lon ma.

Thy will be done in earth, as it is in heaven.[6]

Modern usage[edit | edit source]

Under construction This section needs work:

post-2002 usage was not completely the same as current usage, as it was not limited to subjects. IIRC jan Pije's course continued to teach en in prepositional phrases and in pi phrases until the course was deprecated, well after pu was published. So the "historical usage" and "modern usage" sections should perhaps be renamed or merged, and the change to subject-only usage explained.

If you know about this topic, you can help us by editing it. (See all)

A reform proposed in October 2002 restricted en to dividing head nouns and no longer dividing modifiers.[7] This reform was accepted unanimously by the online community by 1 November 2002 and became standard usage thereafter.[10]

"en" is now used to divide between head nouns. […] There is no longer a way to divide between modifiers. This is no longer necessary. A "tall and good" person is simply a tall "good person" or a good "tall person", as you will.

Experimental usage[edit | edit source]

Caution: The subject of this section is an experimental or hypothetical style that is not understood by most speakers, or is used only in specific small communities. Learners should avoid using it.
Under construction This section needs work:

Reference nasin kijetesantakalu

If you know about this topic, you can help us by editing it. (See all)

Non-April Fools' grammar[edit | edit source]

In an experimental style, the word en is introduced before every subject, except when there is only a single subject without any context phrases or particles preceding it. Rationale includes clarifying the subject and harmonization with other particles, such as li and e.

en ijo-laso en ijo-loje li lon.

en ijo laso en ijo loje li lon.

There are blue and red things.

taso en tenpo pini en tenpo lon la ni li lon ala

taso en tenpo pini en tenpo lon la ni li lon ala.[11]

However, both in the past and present, that has not come true.

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ kule epiku Atawan. (7 February 2021). "tomo kasi nanpa tu" (in Toki Pona). lipu kule. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  2. ↑ Lang, Sonja. (18 July 2021). Toki Pona Dictionary. Illustrated by Vacon Sartirani. Tawhid. ISBN 978-0978292362. p. 205.
  3. ↑ Sonja Lang. (27 October 2002). "The words "en", "kin", and "kan"". Toki Pona Forums. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Sonja Lang. "Lesson 5". lipu pi jan Pije. Archived from the original on 21 August 2009. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  5. ↑ Sonja Lang. (1 September 2002). "Toki Pona Proverbs". tokipona.org.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Sonja Lang. (3 September 2002). "Religious Texts". tokipona.org.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 jan Sonja. (27 October 2002). "the words "en", "kin" and "kan"". Toki Pona Forums. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  8. ↑ Justin B. Rye and Sonja Lang. (30 June 2002). "Correspondence". forums.tokipona.org.
  9. ↑ Sonja Lang. (1 July 2002). "Chat logs". tokipona.nykta.org.
  10. ↑ tokipona@yahoogroups.com. (1 November 2002). "Poll results for tokipona". Toki Pona Forums. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  11. ↑ jan Olipija. (3 January 2023). "nasin pi utala meli mije" (in Toki Pona). lipu kule. Retrieved 13 February 2024.

Further reading[edit | edit source]

Resources[edit | edit source]

Resources for historical usage[edit | edit source]

Dictionaries[edit | edit source]

Parts of speech Content words (Roles · Prepositions · Preverbs · Names · Numbers) · Particles (Semiparticles) · Interjections
Usage Book presence (nimi pu · nimi ku) · Eras (pre-pu · post-pu · post-ku) · Usage categories · nimi sin · Synonyms · Reserved words · Place and language names
Core words a · akesi · ala · alasa · ale / ali · anpa · ante · anu · awen · e · en · esun · ijo · ike · ilo · insa · jaki · jan · jelo · jo · kala · kalama · kama · kasi · ken · kepeken · kili · kiwen · ko · kon · kule · kulupu · kute · la · lape · laso · lawa · len · lete · li · lili · linja · lipu · loje · lon · luka · lukin · lupa · ma · mama · mani · mi · moku · moli · monsi · mu · mun · musi · mute · nanpa · nasa · nasin · nena · ni · nimi · noka · o · olin · ona · open · pakala · pali · palisa · pan · pana · pi · pilin · pimeja · pini · pipi · poka · poki · pona · pu · sama · seli · selo · seme · sewi · sijelo · sike · sin · sina · sinpin · sitelen · sona · soweli · suli · suno · supa · suwi · tan · taso · tawa · telo · tenpo · toki · tomo · tu · unpa · uta · utala · walo · wan · waso · wawa · weka · wile
Common words kijetesantakalu · kin · kipisi · ku · leko · meli · mije · misikeke · monsuta · n · namako · soko · tonsi
Uncommon words epiku · jasima · kokosila · lanpan · linluwi · majuna · meso · nimisin · oko
Resources Dictionaries · Glossary · Cognates · Glosses · Minimal pairs
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