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{{Hatnote|Not to be confused with [[And]].}} |
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{{Other license|ask|it was copied from ''[[ma pona pi toki pona]]''}} |
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'''{{tp|en}}''' is a [[particle]] used to introduce multiple subjects to a single sentence. Despite common misconception from learners, the word {{tp|en}} does not mean "[[and]]", which is instead implied with the repetition of any particle or preposition. |
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==Function== |
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en is a subject particle, |
{{tp|en}} is a {{w|Subject (grammar)|subject}} marker particle, similar to how {{tp|[[li]]}} and {{tp|[[e]]}} are {{w|Predicate (grammar)|predicate}} and {{w|Object (grammar)|direct object)}} marker particles, respectively. However, with {{tp|en}}, the first subject is always unmarked, thus it only appears between multiple subjects. |
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{{Example |
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| mi en sina li pali e pan |
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| I and you bake bread. |
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}} |
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{{Example |
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| Someone is walking their dog in the woods. |
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}} |
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===Historical use=== |
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== en is not and. == |
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The function of the particle {{tp|en}} has changed throughout the development of Toki Pona. [[Sonja Lang]] first defined it as such in a forum post from 2002, in the section called "Early Toki Pona":<ref name="lang2002">[[Sonja Lang|Lang, Sonja]] (27 October 2002). [http://forums.tokipona.org/viewtopic.php?t=81 The words "en", "kin", and "kan"]. ''Toki Pona Forums''. Retrieved 10 October 2023.</ref> |
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In Toki Pona, [[and]] is implied any time there is repetition. To say and in the subject, verb, or object, you repeat the corresponding particle. |
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; ona li kama li tawa : He arrives and leaves. |
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; ona li lukin e ma e sewi : She sees the land and the sky. |
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; mi en sina li pali e pan : We (I and you) bake bread. |
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[[en]] is only used to introduce repeated subjects. Multiple predicates, objects, and prepositions are formed by repeating [[li]], [[o]], [[e]], or the preposition, as the case may be. |
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The particle [[en]] has not always played the role it does today. As [[Sonja Lang]] described in a forum post<ref>[http://forums.tokipona.org/viewtopic.php?f=33&t=81 The words "en", "kin", and "kan"]</ref> from 2002-10-27, in early toki pona |
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<blockquote> |
<blockquote> |
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"en" divided between modifiers = and |
"{{tok|en}}" divided between modifiers = and |
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: {{tok|jan pona en suli}} = good and tall person |
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There was no clear way to divide between head nouns. "en" needed to |
There was no clear way to divide between head nouns. "en" needed to |
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be repeated to divide between multiple main nouns, which was clumsy |
be repeated to divide between multiple main nouns, which was clumsy |
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at times |
at times |
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: {{tok|en kon lete en suno}} = the north wind and the sun |
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(because "kon lete en suno" would have meant "cold and sunny air") |
(because "kon lete en suno" would have meant "cold and sunny air") |
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</blockquote> |
</blockquote> |
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This |
In the original documentation, {{tp|en}} is used both to separate modifiers and to seperate the nouns of a subject. This use was also documented in the original toki pona lessons by {{tok|[[jan Pije]]}}.<ref>[[Bryant Knight|Knight, Bryant]] ({{tok|jan Pije}}). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090821024459/http://bknight0.myweb.uga.edu/toki/about/lesson/tp5.html Lesson 5]. Archived from the original in 21 August 2009. ''{{tp|lipu pi jan Pije}}''. Retrieved 10 October 2022.</ref> |
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===Current use=== |
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In 2002, Lang also proposed the following reforms, restricing {{tp|en}} to the subject of the sentence, as well as establishing the use of {{tp|[[kin]]}} and removing {{tp|[[kan]]}}:<ref name="lang2002"/> |
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<blockquote> |
<blockquote> |
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"en" is now used to divide between head nouns. |
"en" is now used to divide between head nouns. […] There is no longer a way to divide between modifiers. This is no longer necessary. A "tall and good" person is simply a tall "good person" or a good "tall person", as you will. |
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; kon lete en suno : the north wind and the sun |
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There is no longer a way to divide between modifiers. This is no |
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longer necessary. A "tall and good" person is simply a tall "good |
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person" or a good "tall person", as you will. |
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</blockquote> |
</blockquote> |
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This is the way [[en]] is used today. |
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==See also== |
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<blockquote> |
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* {{tp|[[nasin kijetesantakalu]]}} |
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; mi en mije li toki. |
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: I talk with the man. |
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: Me and the man are discussing. |
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</blockquote> |
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==References== |
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==External links== |
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===Resources=== |
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== External resources == |
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* |
* {{pu|en}}: Lesson 16 |
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* [https://lipu-sona.pona.la/5.html |
* jan Lentan: [https://lipu-sona.pona.la/5.html Lesson 5] |
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* [https://sowelitesa.kittycat.homes/lipu-sona/19 |
* soweli Tesa: [https://sowelitesa.kittycat.homes/lipu-sona/19 Lesson 19] |
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{{Words}} |
{{Words}} |
Revision as of 15:39, 10 October 2023
Pronunciation | /en/ |
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Usage | 2023: Core (99% ↗︎ )2022: Core (98%) |
Book and era | nimi pu |
Part of speech | Particle |
Codepoint | U+F190A |
en is a particle used to introduce multiple subjects to a single sentence. Despite common misconception from learners, the word en does not mean "and", which is instead implied with the repetition of any particle or preposition.
Function
en is a subject marker particle, similar to how li and e are predicate and direct object) marker particles, respectively. However, with en, the first subject is always unmarked, thus it only appears between multiple subjects.
mi en sina li pali e panmi en sina li pali e pan
I and you bake bread.
jan en soweli li tawa lon ma kasijan en soweli li tawa lon ma kasi
Someone is walking their dog in the woods.
History
Historical use
The function of the particle en has changed throughout the development of Toki Pona. Sonja Lang first defined it as such in a forum post from 2002, in the section called "Early Toki Pona":[1]
"en" divided between modifiers = and
- jan pona en suli = good and tall person
There was no clear way to divide between head nouns. "en" needed to be repeated to divide between multiple main nouns, which was clumsy at times
- en kon lete en suno = the north wind and the sun
(because "kon lete en suno" would have meant "cold and sunny air")
In the original documentation, en is used both to separate modifiers and to seperate the nouns of a subject. This use was also documented in the original toki pona lessons by jan Pije.[2]
Current use
In 2002, Lang also proposed the following reforms, restricing en to the subject of the sentence, as well as establishing the use of kin and removing kan:[1]
"en" is now used to divide between head nouns. […] There is no longer a way to divide between modifiers. This is no longer necessary. A "tall and good" person is simply a tall "good person" or a good "tall person", as you will.
This reform was accepted unanimously by the online community by 1 November 2002.[3]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lang, Sonja (27 October 2002). The words "en", "kin", and "kan". Toki Pona Forums. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ↑ Knight, Bryant (jan Pije). Lesson 5. Archived from the original in 21 August 2009. lipu pi jan Pije. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
- ↑ tokipona@yahoogroups.com (1 November 2002). Poll results for tokipona. Toki Pona Forums.
External links
Resources
- Toki Pona: The Language of Good: Lesson 16
- jan Lentan: Lesson 5
- soweli Tesa: Lesson 19