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| image = Comercio en la plaza del 9 de abril de 1947, Tánger, Marruecos, 2015-12-11, DD 78.JPG |
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==Etymology== |
==Etymology== |
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The etymology of the word {{tp|esun}} is uncertain. In 2020, {{tok|[[jan Sonja]]}} stated that "{{tok|esun}} was told [to her] by a taxi driver who spoke a language from the {{w|Akan languages|Akan family}} in {{w|West Africa}}".<ref>{{cite Discord|name={{tok|[[jan Sonja]]}}|username=sonjalang|url=https://discord.com/channels/301377942062366741/599425964325470209/782477889777172480|server={{tp|ma pona pi toki pona}}|channel=tomo-toki-ante|quote={{tok|esun}} was told to me by a taxi driver who spoke a language from the Akan family in West Africa}}</ref> However, it is unclear which language and which word it originated from. |
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The word might possibly originate from {{bor|tw|edwom|market (place)}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://learnakandictionary.com/english-twi/market/|title=Twi Translation of "market"|website=LEARNAKANDICTIONARY.COM|access-date=19 October 2023}}</ref> as noted by {{tok|ale sa}} in 2023.<ref>{{cite Discord|name={{tok|ale sa}}|username=nim64|url=https://discord.com/channels/969386329513295872/969799336563212298/1163307396924444803|server={{tp|kama sona}}|channel=learning-general}}</ref> |
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==Semantic space== |
==Semantic space== |
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The [[semantic space]] |
The [[semantic space]] of {{tp|esun}} includes acts, instances, and places of trade and exchange. It is one of the words often used to describe {{w|economics}}, alongside {{tp|[[mani]]}}. |
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===Market=== |
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The phrase [[Common lexicalizations|{{tp|tenpo esun}}]] is a common way to say "week", which literally means "the time relating to business". |
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The definition in {{pu|en}} has a heavy focus on gatherings and {{w|marketplace}}s where trade tends to occur. This sense of {{tp|esun}} frequently extends to businesses and companies. It has a semantic overlap with the word {{tp|[[kulupu]]}} ("group"), and sometimes both words are used: |
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{{Example |
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|mi pali lon kulupu <mark>esun</mark>. |
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|I work in a company ({{lit|<mark>trade</mark> group}}). |
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}} |
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The [[phrase]] {{tp|[[tenpo]] esun}} ({{lit|time of business}}) is often used for "week", among other possible meanings. |
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===Trade=== |
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[[File:How The Bartering System Works.png|thumb|{{Example|jan li esun e kule e kili.}}]] |
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{{tp|esun}} can also focus on the trade itself. It may involve currency, with {{tp|esun}} able to mean either "buy" or "sell" depending on [[context]]. |
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{{Example |
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|mi <mark>esun</mark> e moku tawa sina. |
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|I purchased food for you. |
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|mi <mark>esun </mark>e moku tawa sina |
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}} |
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{{Example |
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|ona li <mark>esun</mark> mute e kasi tawa ma ante.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://liputenpo.org/kasi-kawa-en-telo-kawa/|title=kasi Kawa en telo Kawa|lang=tok|website={{tp|lipu tenpo}}|author={{tok|jan Alonola}}|date=2024-01-01|access-date=2024-02-07}}</ref> |
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|They sold plants a lot to other lands. |
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|ona li <mark>esun </mark>mute e kasi tawa ma ante |
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}} |
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However, {{tp|esun}} also applies to non-monetary exchange,<ref name="cite lipamanka">{{cite lipamanka}}</ref> from {{w|barter}} to abstract swapping. |
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{{Example |
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|sina wile ala wile esun e lipu musi? |
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|Do you want to trade playing cards? |
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|sina wile ala wile esun e lipu musi |
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}} |
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{{Example |
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|kulupu li esun e nanpa pi ilo toki. |
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|The group swapped communication-device numbers. |
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|kulupu li esun e nanpa pi(ilo toki) |
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}} |
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{{Example |
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|mi esun e ko jaki tawa telo sin. |
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|I replaced the dirty goop with fresh water. |
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}} |
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==={{tp|pu}}=== |
==={{tp|pu}}=== |
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In the "[[Dictionary (pu)|Official Toki Pona Dictionary]]" section, the book {{pu|en}} defines {{tp|esun}} as: |
In the "[[Dictionary (pu)|Official Toki Pona Dictionary]]" section, the book {{pu|en}} defines {{tp|esun}} as: |
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{{pu def |
{{pu def}} |
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==={{tp|ku}}=== |
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For {{ku|en}}, respondents in {{tp|[[ma pona pi toki pona]]}} translated these English words as {{tp|esun}}:<ref>{{cite ku|205–206}}</ref> |
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{{ku data}} |
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=={{tp|sitelen pona}}== |
=={{tp|sitelen pona}}== |
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{{Needs media|an SVG of the isolated glyph}} |
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⚫ | The {{tp|[[sitelen pona]]}} glyph for {{tp|esun}} |
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[[File:Micmac hieroglyphs 1866.svg|thumb|Scan of ''{{lang|de|Buch das gut}}'' with a hieroglyph resembling {{tp|esun}} (line 6, column 2).]] |
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⚫ | The {{tp|[[sitelen pona]]}} glyph for {{tp|esun}} ({{UCSUR char|{{codepoint|esun}}}}) may be derived from the {{w|Mi'kmaq hieroglyphs}}, according to {{tok|jan Sonja}} in a message from 2021.<ref>{{cite Discord|name={{tok|[[jan Sonja]]}}|username=sonjalang|url=https://discord.com/channels/301377942062366741/301377942062366741/813973250320760852|server={{tp|ma pona pi toki pona}}|channel={{tok|toki-pona}}|quote=i think that [symbol] is from Mikmaq}}</ref> It is unknown which hieroglyph it originated from. The closest thing found is the 32nd glyph on page 5 of ''{{lang|de|Buch das gut, enthaltend den Katechismus}}''. |
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=={{tp|sitelen sitelen}}== |
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The {{tp|[[sitelen sitelen]]}} glyph for {{tp|esun}} ({{ss|esun}}) depicts a shop, with the ''u'' radical ({{ss|U}}) as a door. The three circles resemble the later {{tp|[[sitelen pona]]}} glyph for {{tp|kulupu}} ({{sp|kulupu}}). |
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==History== |
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{{Start section|Historical}} |
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The word {{tp|esun}} was first used in the [[Toki Pona Forums]] around 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forums.tokipona.org/viewtopic.php?p=4314#p4314|title=Re: New member - some Questions |
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|website=Toki Pona Forums|author=Rodrigo Portela Sánchez|date=2007-12-02|access-date=2024-02-21}}</ref> In 2009, the Toki Pona Wiki defined the word as the following, focusing primarily on the sense of the place and event of market.<ref name="ote2009">{{cite web|url=http://forums.tokipona.org/viewtopic.php?t=1146|title=Comments on esun|website=Toki Pona Forums|author={{tok|jan Ote}}|date=2009-10-09|access-date=2024-02-21}}</ref> |
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<blockquote> |
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1. market |
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: a community event where people trade goods; market, marketplace, bazaar, trading place |
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2. store |
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: a place where goods are offered for sale; store, shop |
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</blockquote> |
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In a forum thread, {{tok|jan Ote}} critiqued the definitions listed for {{tp|esun}}, commenting on this, arguing that it was a secondary meaning to the meaning of "to trade". In the thread, {{tok|jan Sonja}} clarified that she considered the sense of the event as more culturally important than trading for itself.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forums.tokipona.org/viewtopic.php?p=5356#p5356|title=Re: Comments on {{tok|esun}}|website=Toki Pona Forums|date=2009-10-09|access-date=2024-02-21}}</ref> In 2013, the definition was subsequently clarified to the following:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.tokipona.org/wiki/esun|title={{tok|esun}}|website=Toki Pona|archive-url=https://archive.ph/QG9Fs|archive-date=2013-07-05|url-status=dead|access-date=2024-02-21}}</ref> |
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<blockquote> |
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1. fair |
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: a community event where people socialize and exchange goods or information; exhibition, fair, function, get-together, market, occasion, reception, reunion, social affair, social event, social gathering |
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2. trading place |
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: a place where goods are offered for trade; bazaar, farmers' market, marketplace, shop, shopping mall, store, trading place |
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</blockquote> |
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It also clarifies the use of {{tp|tenpo esun}} for meaning "week": |
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<blockquote> |
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The term {{tok|tenpo esun}} (''market period'') can be used to express the concept of "week". This originates from the widespread human custom of a farmers' market, a specific market day that reoccurs every so many days. If everyone in a region agrees to travel to a certain place on a certain day, it makes trading a lot simpler. In modern times, the week has been set to 7 days, but many other durations have existed in history. |
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</blockquote> |
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{{End section}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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==References== |
==References== |
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<references/> |
<references/> |
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==Further reading== |
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* {{R:Linku}} |
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* {{R:Wikipesija}} |
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* {{R:Wiktionary}} |
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{{Words}} |
{{Words}} |
Latest revision as of 11:10, 8 August 2024
Pronunciation | /ˈe |
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Usage | 2023: Core (98% ↗︎ )2022: Core (96%) |
Book and era | nimi pu |
Part of speech | Content word |
Codepoint | U+F190B |
esun is a core content word relating to trade and exchanging.
Etymology[edit | edit source]
The etymology of the word esun is uncertain. In 2020, jan Sonja stated that "esun was told [to her] by a taxi driver who spoke a language from the Akan family in West Africa".[1] However, it is unclear which language and which word it originated from.
The word might possibly originate from Twi edwom ("market (place)"),[2] as noted by ale sa in 2023.[3]
Semantic space[edit | edit source]
The semantic space of esun includes acts, instances, and places of trade and exchange. It is one of the words often used to describe economics, alongside mani.
Market[edit | edit source]
The definition in Toki Pona: The Language of Good has a heavy focus on gatherings and marketplaces where trade tends to occur. This sense of esun frequently extends to businesses and companies. It has a semantic overlap with the word kulupu ("group"), and sometimes both words are used:
mi pali lon kulupu esunmi pali lon kulupu esun.
I work in a company (lit.
'trade group').
The phrase tenpo esun (lit. 'time of business') is often used for "week", among other possible meanings.
Trade[edit | edit source]
esun can also focus on the trade itself. It may involve currency, with esun able to mean either "buy" or "sell" depending on context.
mi esun e moku tawa sinami esun e moku tawa sina.
I purchased food for you.
ona li esun mute e kasi tawa ma anteona li esun mute e kasi tawa ma ante.[4]
They sold plants a lot to other lands.
However, esun also applies to non-monetary exchange,[5] from barter to abstract swapping.
sina wile ala wile esun e lipu musisina wile ala wile esun e lipu musi?
Do you want to trade playing cards?
kulupu li esun e nanpa pi(ilo toki)kulupu li esun e nanpa pi ilo toki.
The group swapped communication-device numbers.
mi esun e ko jaki tawa telo sinmi esun e ko jaki tawa telo sin.
I replaced the dirty goop with fresh water.
pu[edit | edit source]
In the "Official Toki Pona Dictionary" section, the book Toki Pona: The Language of Good defines esun as:
NOUN market, shop, fair, bazaar, business transaction
ku[edit | edit source]
For Toki Pona Dictionary, respondents in ma pona pi toki pona translated these English words as esun:[6]
trading5, store2 , commercial2 , financial2 , enterprise2 , economy2 , franchise2, trade5 , shopping5 , deal4 , commerce4 , purchase4 , sales4 , buy4 , transaction4 , market4 , sale3 , exchange3 , sell3 , retail3 , business3 , shop3
sitelen pona[edit | edit source]
The sitelen pona glyph for esun () may be derived from the Mi'kmaq hieroglyphs, according to jan Sonja in a message from 2021.[7] It is unknown which hieroglyph it originated from. The closest thing found is the 32nd glyph on page 5 of Buch das gut, enthaltend den Katechismus.
sitelen sitelen[edit | edit source]
The sitelen sitelen glyph for esun (esun) depicts a shop, with the u radical (U) as a door. The three circles resemble the later sitelen pona glyph for kulupu (kulupu).
History[edit | edit source]
The word esun was first used in the Toki Pona Forums around 2007.[8] In 2009, the Toki Pona Wiki defined the word as the following, focusing primarily on the sense of the place and event of market.[9]
1. market
- a community event where people trade goods; market, marketplace, bazaar, trading place
2. store
- a place where goods are offered for sale; store, shop
In a forum thread, jan Ote critiqued the definitions listed for esun, commenting on this, arguing that it was a secondary meaning to the meaning of "to trade". In the thread, jan Sonja clarified that she considered the sense of the event as more culturally important than trading for itself.[10] In 2013, the definition was subsequently clarified to the following:[11]
1. fair
- a community event where people socialize and exchange goods or information; exhibition, fair, function, get-together, market, occasion, reception, reunion, social affair, social event, social gathering
2. trading place
- a place where goods are offered for trade; bazaar, farmers' market, marketplace, shop, shopping mall, store, trading place
It also clarifies the use of tenpo esun for meaning "week":
The term tenpo esun (market period) can be used to express the concept of "week". This originates from the widespread human custom of a farmers' market, a specific market day that reoccurs every so many days. If everyone in a region agrees to travel to a certain place on a certain day, it makes trading a lot simpler. In modern times, the week has been set to 7 days, but many other durations have existed in history.
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ jan Sonja [@sonjalang]. (29 November 2020). Message in
#tomo-toki-ante
. ma pona pi toki pona. Discord. "esun was told to me by a taxi driver who spoke a language from the Akan family in West Africa". - ↑ "Twi Translation of "market"". LEARNAKANDICTIONARY.COM. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
- ↑ ale sa [@nim64]. (16 October 2023). Message in
#learning-general
. kama sona. Discord. - ↑ jan Alonola. (1 January 2024). "kasi Kawa en telo Kawa" (in Toki Pona). lipu tenpo. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
- ↑ lipamanka. "toki pona dictionary". lipamanka.gay.
- ↑ Lang, Sonja. (18 July 2021). Toki Pona Dictionary. Illustrated by Vacon Sartirani. Tawhid. ISBN 978-0978292362. pp. 205–206.
- ↑ jan Sonja [@sonjalang]. (24 February 2021). Message in
#toki-pona
. ma pona pi toki pona. Discord. "i think that [symbol] is from Mikmaq". - ↑ Rodrigo Portela Sánchez. (2 December 2007). "Re: New member - some Questions". Toki Pona Forums. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
- ↑ jan Ote. (9 October 2009). "Comments on esun". Toki Pona Forums. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
- ↑ (9 October 2009). "Re: Comments on esun". Toki Pona Forums. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
- ↑ "esun". Toki Pona. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
Further reading[edit | edit source]
- "esun" on lipu Linku
- "esun" on lipu Wikipesija
- "esun" on English Wiktionary