kalama: Difference between revisions
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| PoS = content word |
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'''{{tp|kalama}}''' is {{a category}} [[content word]] relating to sounds. |
'''{{tp|kalama}}''' is {{a category}} [[content word]] relating to sounds. |
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==Etymology== |
==Etymology== |
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The word {{tp|kalama}} is derived from {{ |
The word {{tp|kalama}} is derived from {{bor|sh|galama|alt=galáma|noise|ts=ɡalǎːma}}.<ref>{{cite etym}}</ref> |
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==Semantic space== |
==Semantic space== |
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The [[semantic space]] of {{tp|kalama}} includes noises and sounds. For most speakers, it is broader than {{tp|[[mu]]}}, as {{tp|kalama}} can describe a sound of any source, length, level of intent or linguistic content, and so on. |
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{{Needs work|inclusion or more meanings|section}} |
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The [[semantic space]] of {{tp|kalama}} includes noises and sounds.<ref>{{cite lipamanka}}</ref> |
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In the [[predicate]], {{tp|kalama}} refers to producing a noise. Following the {{tp|[[monsutatesu]]}} analysis, the word {{tp|kalama}} can have two [[Antonyms|opposite definitions]] when used as a [[transitive verb]]: "to make the sound (of something)" and "to make (someone) make sound". This was first noted by {{tok|ike Pike}} sometime before 2021.<ref>{{cite web|author={{tok|kala pona Tonyu}}|date=29 January 2021|url=https://lipukule.org/post/2021/01/29/monsutatesu|title={{tok|monsutatesu}}|website={{tp|[[lipu kule]]}}}}</ref> |
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{{Example |
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| mi <mark>kalama</mark> musi. |
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| I <mark>make sound</mark> for entertainment [create music]. |
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| mi <mark>kalama </mark> musi |
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The book {{pu|en}} gives {{tp|kalama}} a secondary sense of reciting a spoken utterance, which could apply to {{w|chant}}ing and the like. This seems to frame the sound or musicality of the recital as more important than the meaning of the words recited. |
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{{tok|jan Olipija}} has described an extended meaning for those who are Deaf or hard of hearing, where {{tp|kalama}} can refer to soundlike vibrations that are felt elsewhere in the body than the ears.<ref>{{cite lipamanka}}</ref> |
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==={{tp|pu}}=== |
==={{tp|pu}}=== |
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==={{tp|ku}}=== |
==={{tp|ku}}=== |
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For {{ku|en}}, respondents in {{tp|[[ma pona pi toki pona]]}} translated these English words as {{tp|kalama}}: |
For {{ku|en}}, respondents in {{tp|[[ma pona pi toki pona]]}} translated these English words as {{tp|kalama}}:<ref>{{cite ku|235}}</ref> |
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{{ku data}} |
{{ku data}} |
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=={{tp|sitelen pona}}== |
=={{tp|sitelen pona}}== |
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The {{tp|[[sitelen pona]]}} glyph for {{tp|kalama}} |
The {{tp|[[sitelen pona]]}} glyph for {{tp|kalama}} ({{UCSUR char|{{codepoint|kalama}}}}) is the open mouth [[radical]], from {{tp|[[uta]]}}, with [[emitters]] above. This represents a mouth producing or emitting sound. |
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=={{tp|sitelen sitelen}}== |
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==Related words== |
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The {{tp|[[sitelen sitelen]]}} glyph for {{tp|kalama}} ({{ss|kalama}}) may be a combination of its constituent consonants. The letter glyph for k ({{ss|K}}) and m ({{ss|M}}) combine to form the overall shape with four lower lopes, while the syllable glyph la ({{ss|LA}}) is simplified, rotated and put on the upper part of the glyph. The three strokes on it may also represent the 3 syllables of the word.{{citation needed}} |
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==={{tp|kalamARR}}=== |
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{{Fun}} |
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{{nimi|kalamARR |
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| IPA = /ˌka.la.ˈmaɹː/ |
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| PoS = content word |
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'''{{tp|kalamARR}}''' is a [[joke word]] and {{tp|[[nimi ku lili]]}} relating to a pirate sound, which breaks Toki Pona's [[phonology]] and [[phonotactics]]. It is derived from the word {{tp|kalama}} and the {{w|English language|English}} onomatopeia ''arr'' for an imitation of pirates and it was coined by an unknown surveyee for the {{ku|en}} in 2021. |
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{{Clear}} |
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==={{tp|kuntu}}=== |
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{{nimi|kuntu |
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| PoS = content word |
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}} |
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'''{{tp|kuntu}}''' is {{a category|kuntu}} [[content word]] and {{tp|[[nimi ku lili]]}} relating to laughing and comedy. It is an [[acronym]] derived from the phrase {{tp|kalama musi tan uta}} and was coined by {{tok|jan inwin}}, {{tok|jan Maliku}}, and {{tok|jan Wesu}}.{{citation needed}} The screenplay {{tp|[[tu kuntu]]}} is a notable work with this word in its title. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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<references/> |
<references/> |
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==Further reading== |
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* {{R:Linku}} |
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* {{R:Wikipesija}} |
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* {{R:Wiktionary}} |
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{{Words}} |
{{Words}} |
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Latest revision as of 22:06, 4 August 2024
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| Pronunciation | /ˈka |
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| Usage | 2023: Core (100% ↗︎ )2022: Core (99%) |
| Book and era | nimi pu |
| Part of speech | Content word |
| Codepoint | U+F1915 |
kalama is a core content word relating to sounds.
Etymology[edit | edit source]
The word kalama is derived from Serbo-Croatian galáma (/ɡalǎːma/, "noise").[1]
Semantic space[edit | edit source]
The semantic space of kalama includes noises and sounds. For most speakers, it is broader than mu, as kalama can describe a sound of any source, length, level of intent or linguistic content, and so on.
In the predicate, kalama refers to producing a noise. Following the monsutatesu analysis, the word kalama can have two opposite definitions when used as a transitive verb: "to make the sound (of something)" and "to make (someone) make sound". This was first noted by ike Pike sometime before 2021.[2]
mi kalama musimi kalama musi.
I make sound for entertainment [create music].
The book Toki Pona: The Language of Good gives kalama a secondary sense of reciting a spoken utterance, which could apply to chanting and the like. This seems to frame the sound or musicality of the recital as more important than the meaning of the words recited.
jan Olipija has described an extended meaning for those who are Deaf or hard of hearing, where kalama can refer to soundlike vibrations that are felt elsewhere in the body than the ears.[3]
pu[edit | edit source]
In the "Official Toki Pona Dictionary" section, the book Toki Pona: The Language of Good defines kalama as:
VERB to produce a sound; recite, utter aloud
ku[edit | edit source]
For Toki Pona Dictionary, respondents in ma pona pi toki pona translated these English words as kalama:[4]
sound5, noise4, tone3, bang2
sitelen pona[edit | edit source]
The sitelen pona glyph for kalama () is the open mouth radical, from uta, with emitters above. This represents a mouth producing or emitting sound.
sitelen sitelen[edit | edit source]
The sitelen sitelen glyph for kalama (kalama) may be a combination of its constituent consonants. The letter glyph for k (K) and m (M) combine to form the overall shape with four lower lopes, while the syllable glyph la (LA) is simplified, rotated and put on the upper part of the glyph. The three strokes on it may also represent the 3 syllables of the word.[citation needed]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ "Word Origins". tokipona.org. Archived from the original on 8 August 2002.
- ↑ kala pona Tonyu. (29 January 2021). "monsutatesu". lipu kule.
- ↑ lipamanka. "toki pona dictionary". lipamanka.gay.
- ↑ Lang, Sonja. (18 July 2021). Toki Pona Dictionary. Illustrated by Vacon Sartirani. Tawhid. ISBN 978-0978292362. p. 235.
Further reading[edit | edit source]
- "kalama" on lipu Linku
- "kalama" on lipu Wikipesija
- "kalama" on English Wiktionary