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{{nimi |
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[[o]] is a [[:Category:Particles|particle]] in toki pona used to form [[Glossary#optative|optative]], [[Glossary#vocative|vocative]], and [[Glossary#imperative|imperative]] phrases and [[Glossary#sentence|sentences]]. |
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| PoS = particle |
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}} |
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'''{{tp|o}}''' is a [[particle]] used to express desires and wishes, as well as to call out to a listener. |
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==Functions== |
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=== Imperative === |
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[[o]] can be followed by a verb, in which case the sentence is interpreted as a command. The [[Glossary#subject|subject]] of the sentence is ommited. |
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===Imperative and optative=== |
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; o musi e ilo kalama! : Play the instruments! |
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{{tp|o}} is used to indicate an {{w|imperative mood|imperative}}, expressing a command or instruction. In this case, the particle {{tp|[[li]]}} is replaced by {{tp|o}} and the [[subject]] may optionally be ommited. Unlike {{tp|li}}, the particle {{tp|o}} can be used following {{tp|[[mi]]}} or {{tp|[[sina]]}}. |
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{{Example |
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=== Vocative === |
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|o kama sona e toki pona! |
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[[o]] can follow a [[Glossary#noun|noun]] to show that the speaker is addressing that person, place, or thing. |
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|Learn Toki Pona! |
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|o kama sona e toki-pona |
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}} |
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{{Example |
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|o pakala ala e ijo mi! |
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|Do not break my things! |
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|o pakala ala e ijo mi |
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}} |
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{{tp|o}} is also used to indicate an {{w|optative mood}}, expressing a wish or hope. In many cases, it can be translated with "should" or with sentences starting with "may". In some cases it is used to express "must" or "have to", a meaning that is traditionally covered by {{tp|[[wile]]}}. |
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; toki, jan ale o! : Hi, everybody! |
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; soweli mi o, sina moku e lipu mi tan seme? : Doggo, why did you eat my homework? |
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{{Example|mi o lape.|I should sleep. (i.e. It would be better if I went to sleep)}} |
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=== Optative === |
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{{Example|sijelo sina o kama pona.|May your body become good/healthy. (i.e. I wish for your body to become healthy)<br>I hope you get better!}} |
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[[o]] can be used instead of [[li]] to indicate the speaker's wish or desire. [[o]] can be used with [[mi]] and [[sina]], in which case it comes immediately after the [[Glossary#pronoun|pronoun]] and before the [[Glossary#predicate|predicate]]. |
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===Vocative=== |
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; mi o lape. : I should sleep. |
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{{tp|o}}, following a word or phrase, indicates a {{w|vocative phrase}}, expressing that the speaker is addressing that person, place, or thing. The phrase may either go before or after the rest of the sentence. |
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; pona o tawa sijelo sina. |
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: May health be in your body. |
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: I hope you get better! |
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{{Example |
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== External resources == |
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|toki, jan ale o! |
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* [[pu]] Lesson 10 |
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|Hi, everybody! |
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* [https://lipu-sona.pona.la/7.html jan Lentan Lesson 7] |
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|toki {{idsp}} jan-ale o |
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* [https://sowelitesa.kittycat.homes/lipu-sona/13 soweli Tesa Lesson 13] |
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}} |
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* [https://jonathangabel.com/toki-pona/commands/ sitelen sitelen Interjections and Commands] |
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{{Example |
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* [https://github.com/kilipan/nasin-toki#the-particle-o nasin toki pona] |
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|soweli mi o, sina moku e lipu mi tan seme? |
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* [https://mun.la/sona/o.html jan Kekan San Instructions with o] |
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|Doggo, why did you eat my homework? |
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|soweli mi o {{idsp}} sina moku e lipu mi tan seme |
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}} |
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If {{tp|o}} comes before the addressee instead, it becomes a command to <em>be</em> or <em>personify</em> them. For example, {{tp|o jan ale!}} means "Be everyone!" and {{tp|o soweli mi!}} means "Be my pet!" |
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Combining both imperative and vocative phrases together can be expressed with a single {{tp|o}}: |
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{{Example |
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|jan Alu o kama! |
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|Come, {{tok|Alu}}! |
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|jan [ale luka uta] o kama |
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}} |
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Alternatively, they may be separated:{{citation needed|reason=Unsure if this is an alternative method or a ungrammatical method.}} |
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{{Example |
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|jan Alu o, o kama! |
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|Come, {{tok|Alu}}! |
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|jan [ale luka uta] o {{idsp}} o kama |
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}} |
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==Definitions== |
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==={{tp|ku}}=== |
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For {{ku|en}}, respondents in {{tp|[[ma pona pi toki pona]]}} translated these English words as {{tp|o}}:<ref>{{cite ku|304}}</ref> |
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{{ku data}} |
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==History== |
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{{Start section|Historical}} |
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Some speakers, such as {{tok|jan Kipo}} (John Clifford), preferred using the particle {{tp|o}} as sentence-initial particle instead of it substituting {{tp|li}} or another similar particle.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/stefichjo/toki-pona/blob/master/kipo.md|title=Dialectal Toki Pona (KIPO)|website=GitHub|author=Stephan Schneider ({{tok|jan Tepan}})|date=2015}}</ref> Nowadays this is considered nonstandard. |
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{{Example |
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|o ona li lape pona. |
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|Let her rest well. |
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}} |
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{{End section}} |
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=={{tp|sitelen pona}}== |
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The {{tp|[[sitelen pona]]}} glyph for {{tp|o}} ({{UCSUR char|{{codepoint|o}}}}) is composed of the [[Radicals|punctuation stem]] and the lowercase Latin letter ''O''. The punctuation stem can be drawn upright ({{sp|1=<span style="font-feature-settings:'ss16';">o</span>|font="sitelen seli kiwen asuki"}}) or at a diagonal ({{sp|1=<span style="font-feature-settings:'ss17';">o</span>|font="sitelen seli kiwen asuki"}}). Compare the glyphs for {{tp|[[a]]}}, {{tp|[[kin]]}}, and {{tp|[[n]]}}. |
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=={{tp|sitelen sitelen}}== |
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{{Empty}} |
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<!--The {{tp|[[sitelen sitelen]]}} glyph for {{tp|{{subst:PAGENAME}}}} ({{ss|{{subst:PAGENAME}}}}) depicts/represents/is derived from/is composed of ….--> |
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==References== |
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<references/> |
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==Further reading== |
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===Resources=== |
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* {{lipu pu|en}}: Lesson 10 |
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* {{tok|jan Kekan San}}: [https://mun.la/sona/o.html Instructions with {{tok|o}}] |
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* {{tok|jan Lentan}}: [https://lipu-sona.pona.la/7.html Lesson 7] |
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* {{tok|jan Misali}}: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZpA_XA5FmU tokiponization (toki pona lesson three)] |
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* {{tok|soweli Tesa}}: [https://lipu-sona.kittycat.homes/en/o Lesson 13] |
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* {{tp|nasin toki pona}}: [https://github.com/kilipan/nasin-toki#the-particle-o the particle {{tok|o}}] |
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* Jonathal Gabel: [https://jonathangabel.com/toki-pona/commands/ Interjections and Commands] |
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===Dictionaries=== |
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* {{R:Linku}} |
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* {{R:Wikipesija}} |
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* {{R:Wiktionary}} |
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{{Words}} |
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[[Category:Particles]] |
[[Category:Particles]] |
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Revision as of 11:37, 9 April 2024
  | |
| Pronunciation | /o/ |
|---|---|
| Usage | 2023: Core (100% → )2022: Core (100%) |
| Book and era | nimi pu |
| Part of speech | Particle |
| Codepoint | U+F1944 |
o is a particle used to express desires and wishes, as well as to call out to a listener.
Functions
Imperative and optative
o is used to indicate an imperative, expressing a command or instruction. In this case, the particle li is replaced by o and the subject may optionally be ommited. Unlike li, the particle o can be used following mi or sina.
o kama sona e toki-ponao kama sona e toki pona!
Learn Toki Pona!
o pakala ala e ijo mio pakala ala e ijo mi!
Do not break my things!
o is also used to indicate an optative mood, expressing a wish or hope. In many cases, it can be translated with "should" or with sentences starting with "may". In some cases it is used to express "must" or "have to", a meaning that is traditionally covered by wile.
mi o lapemi o lape.
I should sleep. (i.e. It would be better if I went to sleep)
sijelo sina o kama ponasijelo sina o kama pona.
May your body become good/healthy. (i.e. I wish for your body to become healthy)
I hope you get better!
Vocative
o, following a word or phrase, indicates a vocative phrase, expressing that the speaker is addressing that person, place, or thing. The phrase may either go before or after the rest of the sentence.
toki jan-ale otoki, jan ale o!
Hi, everybody!
soweli mi o sina moku e lipu mi tan semesoweli mi o, sina moku e lipu mi tan seme?
Doggo, why did you eat my homework?
If o comes before the addressee instead, it becomes a command to be or personify them. For example, o jan ale! means "Be everyone!" and o soweli mi! means "Be my pet!"
Combining both imperative and vocative phrases together can be expressed with a single o:
jan [ale luka uta] o kamajan Alu o kama!
Come, Alu!
Alternatively, they may be separated:[citation needed…]
jan [ale luka uta] o o kamajan Alu o, o kama!
Come, Alu!
Definitions
ku
For Toki Pona Dictionary, respondents in ma pona pi toki pona translated these English words as o:[1]
hey3, shall3, should2, ought2, must2, please1, let½, dare½, mandate½, dear½
History
Some speakers, such as jan Kipo (John Clifford), preferred using the particle o as sentence-initial particle instead of it substituting li or another similar particle.[2] Nowadays this is considered nonstandard.
o ona li lape ponao ona li lape pona.
Let her rest well.
sitelen pona
The sitelen pona glyph for o () is composed of the punctuation stem and the lowercase Latin letter O. The punctuation stem can be drawn upright (o) or at a diagonal (o). Compare the glyphs for a, kin, and n.
sitelen sitelen
References
- ↑ Lang, Sonja. (18 July 2021). Toki Pona Dictionary. Illustrated by Vacon Sartirani. Tawhid. ISBN 978-0978292362. p. 304.
- ↑ Stephan Schneider (jan Tepan). (19 May 2015). "Dialectal Toki Pona (KIPO)". GitHub.
Further reading
Resources
- Toki Pona: The Language of Good: Lesson 10
- jan Kekan San: Instructions with o
- jan Lentan: Lesson 7
- jan Misali: tokiponization (toki pona lesson three)
- soweli Tesa: Lesson 13
- nasin toki pona: the particle o
- Jonathal Gabel: Interjections and Commands
Dictionaries
- "o" on lipu Linku
- "o" on lipu Wikipesija
- "o" on English Wiktionary