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{{tp| |
'''{{tp|o}}''' is a [[particle]] used to express desires and wishes, as well as to call out to a listener. |
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==Functions== |
==Functions== |
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=== |
===Imperative and optative=== |
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{{tp|o}} is used to indicate an {{w|imperative mood|imperative}}, expressing a command or instruction. In this case, the particle {{tp|[[li]]}} is replaced by {{tp|o}} and the [[subject]] may optionally be ommited. Unlike {{tp|li}}, the particle {{tp|o}} can be used following {{tp|[[mi]]}} or {{tp|[[sina]]}}. |
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{{tp|[[o]]}} can be followed by a verb, in which case the sentence is interpreted as a command or [[imperative]]. The [[Glossary#subject|subject]] of the sentence is omitted. |
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{{Example |
{{Example |
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|o kama sona e toki pona! |
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{{Example|o pakala ala e ijo mi!|Do not break my things!|o pakala ala e ijo-mi}} |
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|Learn Toki Pona! |
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|o kama sona e toki-pona |
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}} |
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{{Example |
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|o pakala ala e ijo mi! |
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|Do not break my things! |
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|o pakala ala e ijo mi |
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}} |
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===Calling by name=== |
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{{Example|toki, jan ale o!|Hi, everybody!|toki 　 jan-ale o}} |
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{{Example|soweli mi o, sina moku e lipu mi tan seme?|Doggo, why did you eat my homework?|soweli mi o 　 sina moku e lipu mi tan seme}} |
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===Vocative=== |
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{{Example |
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|toki, jan ale o! |
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|Hi, everybody! |
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|toki 　 jan-ale o |
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}} |
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{{Example |
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|soweli mi o, sina moku e lipu mi tan seme? |
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|Doggo, why did you eat my homework? |
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|soweli mi o 　 sina moku e lipu mi tan seme |
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}} |
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If {{tp|o}} comes before the addressee instead, it becomes a command to <em>be</em> or <em>personify</em> them. For example, {{tp|o jan ale!}} means "Be everyone!" and {{tp|o soweli mi!}} means "Be my pet!" |
If {{tp|o}} comes before the addressee instead, it becomes a command to <em>be</em> or <em>personify</em> them. For example, {{tp|o jan ale!}} means "Be everyone!" and {{tp|o soweli mi!}} means "Be my pet!" |
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Combining both imperative and vocative phrases together can be expressed with a single {{tp|o}}: |
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===Wishes and desires=== |
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| ⚫ | {{tp| |
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{{Example |
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{{tp|[[o]]}} can be used with {{tp|[[mi]]}} and {{tp|[[sina]]}}, in which case it comes immediately after the [[Glossary#pronoun|pronoun]] and before the [[Glossary#predicate|predicate]]. |
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|jan Alu o kama! |
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|Come, {{tok|Alu}}! |
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|jan [ale luka uta] o kama |
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}} |
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Alternatively, they may be separated:{{citation needed|reason=Unsure if this is an alternative method or a ungrammatical method.}} |
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{{Example |
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Optative constructions can also be used to combine imperative and vocative meanings into one sentence. For example, if you want to address someone called Moja and tell them to come, "{{tp|jan Moja o kama}}" is more commonly used than "{{tp|jan Moja o, o kama}}".{{Citation needed|"More commonly used than"?}} |
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|jan Alu o, o kama! |
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|Come, {{tok|Alu}}! |
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|jan [ale luka uta] o 　 o kama |
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}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* {{tok|jan Misali}}: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZpA_XA5FmU tokiponization (toki pona lesson three)] |
* {{tok|jan Misali}}: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZpA_XA5FmU tokiponization (toki pona lesson three)] |
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* {{tok|soweli Tesa}}: [https://sowelitesa.kittycat.homes/lipu-sona/13 Lesson 13] |
* {{tok|soweli Tesa}}: [https://sowelitesa.kittycat.homes/lipu-sona/13 Lesson 13] |
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* {{tp|nasin toki pona}}: [https://github.com/kilipan/nasin-toki#the-particle-o the particle {{tok|o}}] |
* {{tp|nasin toki pona}}: [https://github.com/kilipan/nasin-toki#the-particle-o the particle {{tok|o}}] |
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{{Words}} |
{{Words}} |
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[[Category:Particles]] |
[[Category:Particles]] |
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Revision as of 02:12, 22 November 2023
  | |
| Pronunciation | /o/ |
|---|---|
| Usage | 2023: Core (100% → )2022: Core (100%) |
| Book and era | nimi pu |
| Part of speech | Particle |
| Codepoint | U+F1944 |
o is a particle used to express desires and wishes, as well as to call out to a listener.
Functions
Imperative and optative
o is used to indicate an imperative, expressing a command or instruction. In this case, the particle li is replaced by o and the subject may optionally be ommited. Unlike li, the particle o can be used following mi or sina.
o kama sona e toki-ponao kama sona e toki pona!
Learn Toki Pona!
o pakala ala e ijo mio pakala ala e ijo mi!
Do not break my things!
o is also used to indicate an optative mood, expressing a wish or hope. In many cases, it can be translated with "should" or with sentences starting with "may". In some cases it is used to express "must" or "have to", a meaning that is traditionally covered by wile.
mi o lapemi o lape.
I should sleep. (i.e. It would be better if I went to sleep)
sijelo sina o kama ponasijelo sina o kama pona.
May your body become good/healthy. (i.e. I wish for your body to become healthy)
I hope you get better!
Vocative
o, following a word or phrase, indicates a vocative phrase, expressing that the speaker is addressing that person, place, or thing. The phrase may either go before or after the rest of the sentence.
toki jan-ale otoki, jan ale o!
Hi, everybody!
soweli mi o sina moku e lipu mi tan semesoweli mi o, sina moku e lipu mi tan seme?
Doggo, why did you eat my homework?
If o comes before the addressee instead, it becomes a command to be or personify them. For example, o jan ale! means "Be everyone!" and o soweli mi! means "Be my pet!"
Combining both imperative and vocative phrases together can be expressed with a single o:
jan [ale luka uta] o kamajan Alu o kama!
Come, Alu!
Alternatively, they may be separated:[citation needed…]
jan [ale luka uta] o o kamajan Alu o, o kama!
Come, Alu!
External links
Resources
- Toki Pona: The Language of Good: Lesson 10
- jan Kekan San: Instructions with o
- jan Lentan: Lesson 7
- jan Misali: tokiponization (toki pona lesson three)
- soweli Tesa: Lesson 13
- nasin toki pona: the particle o
- Jonathal Gabel: Interjections and Commands