awen: Difference between revisions
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'''{{tp|awen}}''' is {{a category}} [[content word]] and [[preverb]] that describes staying, keeping, and continuing. |
'''{{tp|awen}}''' is {{a category}} [[content word]] and [[preverb]] that describes staying, keeping, and continuing. |
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==Semantic space== |
==Semantic space== |
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⚫ | The [[semantic space]] of {{tp|awen}} includes the continuation, maintaining, or immutability of a state or action. As an [[intransitive verb]], {{tp|awen}} usually refers to staying in place (waiting) or continuing to act ({{w|inertia}}).<ref>{{cite lipamanka}}</ref> Without further detail, this can possibly lead to [[ambiguity]]. |
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{{Needs work||section}} |
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{{Example |
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The [[semantic space]] of {{tp|awen}} includes the continuation, maintaining, or immutability of a state or action. It can describe something enduring. |
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|<mark>o awen</mark> lon tenpo suli. |
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|<mark>Stay</mark> for a long time.<br |
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/><mark>Keep going</mark> for a long time. |
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|<mark>o awen </mark> lon tenpo suli |
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This may be specified with a more complex predicate, such as {{tp|awen tawa}} ("continue to go") or {{tp|awen tawa ala}} ("continue to not go"). As a [[transitive verb]], {{tp|awen}} can mean to keep something in certain place or state. Abstractly, it refers to {{w|protect}} and defend something in order for it to remain {{w|Security|secure}} and unharmed. |
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{{Example |
{{Example |
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|selo li <mark>awen</mark> e akesi. |
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|o awen! |
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|The shell <mark>protects</mark> the turtle. |
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|Stay there! / Keep going! |
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|selo li <mark>awen </mark> e akesi |
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|o awen |
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}} |
}} |
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{{Example |
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As a [[transitive verb]], {{tp|awen}} can mean to keep something in place or in some state, and to protect or defend something, so that it continues to exist. |
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|mama li <mark>awen</mark> e jan ona. |
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|Parents <mark>take care</mark> their children. |
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|mama li <mark>awen </mark> e jan ona |
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}} |
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===Preverb=== |
===Preverb=== |
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As a [[preverb]], the word {{tp|awen}} refers to the continuation of an action. |
As a [[preverb]], the word {{tp|awen}} refers to the continuation of an action. |
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{{Example |
{{Example |
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|mi <mark>awen</mark> pali. |
|mi <mark>awen</mark> pali. |
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|I <mark>continue</mark> working. |
|I <mark>continue</mark> working. |
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|mi <mark>awen </mark>pali |
|mi <mark>awen </mark> pali |
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}} |
}} |
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{{Example |
{{Example |
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|kasi ko li <mark>awen</mark> lon lipu. |
|kasi ko li <mark>awen</mark> lon lipu. |
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|The pasted plants <mark>will stay</mark> on the page. |
|The pasted plants <mark>will stay</mark> on the page. |
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|kasi ko li <mark>awen </mark>lon lipu |
|kasi ko li <mark>awen </mark> lon lipu |
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}} |
}} |
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=={{tp|sitelen pona}}== |
=={{tp|sitelen pona}}== |
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The {{tp|[[sitelen pona]]}} glyph for {{tp|awen}} ({{UCSUR char|{{codepoint|awen}}}}) represents two legs standing in place. Compare {{tp|[[kama]]}} and {{tp|[[tawa]]}}. |
The {{tp|[[sitelen pona]]}} glyph for {{tp|awen}} ({{UCSUR char|{{codepoint|awen}}}}) represents two legs standing in place, feet turned outwards. Compare {{tp|[[kama]]}} and {{tp|[[tawa]]}}. |
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==Related words== |
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==={{tp|kosan}}=== |
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{{nimi|kosan |
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|PoS=content word |
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'''{{tp|kosan}}''' is {{a category|kosan}} [[post-ku|post-{{tp|ku}}]] [[content word]] and {{tp|[[nimi sin]]}} defined as "guard, protect, defend, shield, brace, fortify from outside". It is derived from {{w|Irish language|Irish}} ''{{lang|ga|{{wt|cosain}} (ar/ó)}}'', meaning "defend, protect (against)", and was coined by {{tok|jan Seni}} and {{tok|jan inwin}} in 2021.<ref>{{cite Discord|url=//discord.com/channels/301377942062366741/375591429608570881/884255422247223387|channel=sona-musi|server={{tp|ma pona pi toki pona}}|author={{tok|lipamanka}} (posting a request from {{tok|jan inwin}})|username=lipamanka|access-date=2023-02-27|quote=}}<blockquote> |
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these are words requested to be added by {{tok|jan Inwin}} |
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.. {{tok|kosan}} '''{{tok|kosan}}''' • guard, protect, defend, shield, brace, fortify from outside<br /> |
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← <code>{{tok|jan seni}}, {{tok|jan inwin}}</code>· ''Irish {{lang|ga|cosain (ar/ó)}}'' ‘defend, protect (against)’ |
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</blockquote></ref> |
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A possible distinction between {{tp|awen}} and {{tp|kosan}} is that {{tp|awen}} is a more passive state of permanence or maintenance, or the thing protected, whereas {{tp|kosan}} is a more active form of defense against perilous or unpredicted threats, or the thing protecting. In this usage, shelter such as a fort might be {{tp|tomo kosan}}, and the people inside {{tp|jan awen}}; a vaccine might be {{tp|misikeke kosan}}, and the body {{tp|sijelo awen}}. Regardless, many speakers see {{tp|kosan}} as redundant to {{tp|awen}}. To a lesser extent, {{tp|kosan}} has variously been suggested to overlap with {{tp|[[alasa]]}}, {{tp|[[len]]}}, {{tp|[[selo]]}}, {{tp|[[sinpin]]}}, and {{tp|[[utala]]}}. |
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=={{tp|sitelen sitelen}}== |
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The {{tp|[[sitelen pona]]}} glyph for {{tp|kosan}} ({{sp|kosan}}) appears to be derived from a turned glyph for {{tp|[[insa]]}} ({{sp|insa}}), with an additional horizontal line on top to represent fortification. |
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{{Empty}} |
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<!--The {{tp|[[sitelen sitelen]]}} glyph for {{tp|{{subst:PAGENAME}}}} ({{ss|{{subst:PAGENAME}}}}) depicts/represents/is derived from/is composed of ….--> |
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==References== |
==References== |
Latest revision as of 02:27, 27 March 2024
Pronunciation | /ˈa |
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Usage | 2023: Core (99% ↗︎ )2022: Core (98%) |
Book and era | nimi pu |
Part of speech | Content word |
Codepoint | U+F1908 |
awen is a core content word and preverb that describes staying, keeping, and continuing.
Etymology[edit | edit source]
The word awen is derived from Dutch houden, meaning "to keep, to care for".[1]
Semantic space[edit | edit source]
The semantic space of awen includes the continuation, maintaining, or immutability of a state or action. As an intransitive verb, awen usually refers to staying in place (waiting) or continuing to act (inertia).[2] Without further detail, this can possibly lead to ambiguity.
o awen lon tenpo sulio awen lon tenpo suli.
Stay for a long time.
Keep going for a long time.
This may be specified with a more complex predicate, such as awen tawa ("continue to go") or awen tawa ala ("continue to not go"). As a transitive verb, awen can mean to keep something in certain place or state. Abstractly, it refers to protect and defend something in order for it to remain secure and unharmed.
selo li awen e akesiselo li awen e akesi.
The shell protects the turtle.
mama li awen e jan onamama li awen e jan ona.
Parents take care their children.
Preverb[edit | edit source]
As a preverb, the word awen refers to the continuation of an action.
mi awen palimi awen pali.
I continue working.
kasi ko li awen lon lipukasi ko li awen lon lipu.
The pasted plants will stay on the page.
pu[edit | edit source]
In the "Official Toki Pona Dictionary" section, the book Toki Pona: The Language of Good defines awen as:
ADJECTIVE enduring, kept, protected, safe, waiting, staying
PRE-VERB to continue to
ku[edit | edit source]
For Toki Pona Dictionary, respondents in ma pona pi toki pona translated these English words as awen:[3]
stay5, defensive2 , maintenance2 , rescue2 , stand2 , standing2 , steady2 , pause2 , custody2 , safely2 , saving2 , guard2 , reservation2 , suspend2 , hang2 , ongoing2 , hesitate2 , safety2 , delay2 , conservation2, await5 , wait5 , preserve5 , remain5 , sustain5 , retain4 , defend4 , endure4 , continued4 , continue4 , secure4 , continuing4 , save4 , protect4 , keep4 , still3 , reserve3 , protection3 , remaining3 , continuous3 , stability3 , maintain3 , safe3 , security3 , stable3 , constant3 , protective3 , defence3 , left (remaining)3
sitelen pona[edit | edit source]
The sitelen pona glyph for awen () represents two legs standing in place, feet turned outwards. Compare kama and tawa.
sitelen sitelen[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ "Word Origins". tokipona.org. Archived from the original on 8 August 2002.
- ↑ lipamanka. "toki pona dictionary". lipamanka.gay.
- ↑ Lang, Sonja. (18 July 2021). Toki Pona Dictionary. Illustrated by Vacon Sartirani. Tawhid. ISBN 978-0978292362. pp. 203–204.
Further reading[edit | edit source]
- "awen" on lipu Linku
- "awen" on lipu Wikipesija
- "awen" on English Wiktionary