kama: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
| (14 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{nimi |
{{nimi |
||
|PoS=preverb |
| PoS = preverb |
||
}} |
}} |
||
'''{{tp|kama}}''' is a [[content word]] |
'''{{tp|kama}}''' is {{a category}} [[content word]] and [[preverb]] relating to movement from further away to nearer a referent (that is, "coming" or "arriving") and to changes of state ("becoming"). |
||
== |
==Etymology== |
||
The word {{tp|kama}} is derived from {{w|Tok Pisin}} ''{{lang|tpi|kamap}}'', itself derived from {{w|English language|English}} ''come up''.<ref>{{cite etym}}</ref> |
|||
==Semantic space== |
|||
===Preverb=== |
|||
The main [[preverb]] sense of {{tp|kama}} is "to become". It can be used when the subject comes to do or be something that it wasn't before. |
The main [[preverb]] sense of {{tp|kama}} is "to become". It can be used when the subject comes to do or be something that it wasn't before. |
||
{{Example |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
|ona li <mark>kama</mark> pona. |
|||
|It <mark>became</mark> good.<br/> |
|||
She <mark>got</mark> better.<br/> |
|||
They improved.}} |
|||
<!-- Example with a noun after kama --> |
|||
{{Example |
|||
|jan Alu li wile <mark>kama</mark> mama. |
|||
|Alu wants to <mark>become</mark> a parent. |
|||
|jan [ale luka uta] li wile kama mama.}} |
|||
<!-- Example with a transitive verb after kama --> |
|||
{{Example |
|||
|mi <mark>kama lukin</mark> e soweli suwi. |
|||
|I <mark>came to see</mark> a cute animal.<br/> |
|||
I <mark>spotted</mark> a cute animal.<br/> |
|||
(At first I didn't see a cute animal, and then I did.)}} |
|||
===Content word=== |
|||
{{needs work|expanding|section}} |
|||
{{Example |
|||
|tenpo seme la sina <mark>kama</mark>? |
|||
|At what time are you <mark>coming</mark>?<br/> |
|||
When will you <mark>arrive</mark>? |
|||
|tenpo seme la sina <mark>kama</mark> |
|||
}} |
|||
====Transitive verb==== |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
{{Example |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
{{Example |
|||
|o <mark>kama</mark> e jan sona sijelo. |
|||
|<mark>Make</mark> a learned person of the body <mark>come</mark>.<br/> |
|||
<mark>Call for</mark> a doctor.}} |
|||
====Phrases==== |
|||
The "[[Phrase Book]]" section of the book {{pu|en}} recommends the [[interjection]] {{tp|[[kama pona]]}} for "welcome". Word for word, it literally means "good arrival", implying "I wish you a good arrival" (similar to wishing someone "good day"). This was the standard expression for "welcome" before the book's publication. Since its publication, the variant {{tp|o kama pona}} ({{lit}} an imperative that means 'come well') has also become very common. |
|||
====Time==== |
|||
{{Main|Time#Future}} |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
==={{tp|pu}}=== |
|||
In the "[[Dictionary (pu)|Official Toki Pona Dictionary]]" section, the book {{pu|en}} defines {{tp|kama}} as: |
|||
{{pu def}} |
|||
==={{tp|ku}}=== |
|||
For {{ku|en}}, respondents in {{tp|[[ma pona pi toki pona]]}} translated these English words as {{tp|kama}}:<ref>{{cite ku|236–237}}</ref> |
|||
{{ku data}} |
|||
== |
=={{tp|sitelen pona}}== |
||
The {{tp|[[sitelen pona]]}} glyph for {{tp|kama}} ({{UCSUR char|{{codepoint|kama}}}}) represents two [[leg radical#legs]] moving towards the left, against the convetional writing direction. Compare the glyphs for {{tp|[[awen]]}} and {{tp|[[tawa]]}}. |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
=={{tp|sitelen sitelen}}== |
|||
:;{{tp|ona li <u>kama</u> e pona.}} |
|||
{{Empty}} |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
<!--The {{tp|[[sitelen sitelen]]}} glyph for {{tp|{{subst:PAGENAME}}}} ({{ss|{{subst:PAGENAME}}}}) depicts/represents/is derived from/is composed of ….--> |
|||
==References== |
|||
==Phatic expressions== |
|||
<references/> |
|||
The [[Phrase Book]] section of {{pu|en}} recommends the [[interjection]] {{tp|kama pona}} for "welcome". Word for word, it literally means "come well". For other options, see [[Phatic expressions and social conventions#Greeting|Phatic expressions and social conventions § Greeting]]. |
|||
== |
==Further reading== |
||
* {{R:Linku}} |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
* {{R:Wikipesija}} |
|||
* {{R:Wiktionary}} |
|||
{{Words}} |
|||
Latest revision as of 13:50, 4 May 2024
  | |
| Pronunciation | /ˈka |
|---|---|
| Usage | 2023: Core (100% ↗︎ )2022: Core (99%) |
| Book and era | nimi pu |
| Part of speech | Preverb, content word |
| Codepoint | U+F1916 |
kama is a core content word and preverb relating to movement from further away to nearer a referent (that is, "coming" or "arriving") and to changes of state ("becoming").
Etymology[edit | edit source]
The word kama is derived from Tok Pisin kamap, itself derived from English come up.[1]
Semantic space[edit | edit source]
Preverb[edit | edit source]
The main preverb sense of kama is "to become". It can be used when the subject comes to do or be something that it wasn't before.
ona li kama ponaona li kama pona.
It became good.
She got better.
They improved.
jan [ale luka uta] li wile kama mama.jan Alu li wile kama mama.
Alu wants to become a parent.
mi kama lukin e soweli suwimi kama lukin e soweli suwi.
I came to see a cute animal.
I spotted a cute animal.
(At first I didn't see a cute animal, and then I did.)
Content word[edit | edit source]
tenpo seme la sina kamatenpo seme la sina kama?
At what time are you coming?
When will you arrive?
Transitive verb[edit | edit source]
As a transitive verb followed by e, kama generally means to cause the direct object to come or to come about. For example "to summon", "to bring about", "to cause to occur", etc.
ona li kama e ponaona li kama e pona.
It brought goodness.
o kama e jan sona sijeloo kama e jan sona sijelo.
Make a learned person of the body come.
Call for a doctor.
Phrases[edit | edit source]
The "Phrase Book" section of the book Toki Pona: The Language of Good recommends the interjection kama pona for "welcome". Word for word, it literally means "good arrival", implying "I wish you a good arrival" (similar to wishing someone "good day"). This was the standard expression for "welcome" before the book's publication. Since its publication, the variant o kama pona (lit. an imperative that means 'come well') has also become very common.
Time[edit | edit source]
kama can be used to talk about the "coming time". The Toki Pona translation of this exact phrase, tenpo kama, is a common lexicalization for "the future".
pu[edit | edit source]
In the "Official Toki Pona Dictionary" section, the book Toki Pona: The Language of Good defines kama as:
ADJECTIVE arriving, coming, future, summoned
PRE-VERB to become, manage to, succeed in
ku[edit | edit source]
For Toki Pona Dictionary, respondents in ma pona pi toki pona translated these English words as kama:[2]
coming5, come5, arrival5, arrive5, become4, upcoming4, emerging4, emerge4, happen4, occur3, next2, developmental2, arise2, visit2, induce2, trigger2, phenomenon2, event2
sitelen pona[edit | edit source]
The sitelen pona glyph for kama () represents two leg radical moving towards the left, against the convetional writing direction. Compare the glyphs for awen and tawa.
sitelen sitelen[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ "Word Origins". tokipona.org. Archived from the original on 8 August 2002.
- ↑ Lang, Sonja. (18 July 2021). Toki Pona Dictionary. Illustrated by Vacon Sartirani. Tawhid. ISBN 978-0978292362. pp. 236–237.
Further reading[edit | edit source]
- "kama" on lipu Linku
- "kama" on lipu Wikipesija
- "kama" on English Wiktionary