la: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
|||
| (26 intermediate revisions by 7 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{nimi |
|||
[[la]] is a [[:Category:Particles|particle]] of toki pona used to separate a sentence from its context. |
|||
| PoS=particle |
|||
}} |
|||
'''{{tp|la}}''' is a [[particle]] used to separate the [[context]] from the main part of a sentence. The phrase before {{tp|la}} can range from a single [[content word]] to a full [[Sentence structure|sentence]]. |
|||
== |
==Functions== |
||
{{tp|la}} indicates that what comes after it follows from or depends on what came before. It is extremely general, and can indicate all sorts of antecedent–consequent relationships, including prepositional descriptions, cause and effect, conditions, or where, when, or how something happens. Generally, what comes before {{tp|la}} is the context for what comes after. |
|||
=== |
===Fronting prepositional phrases=== |
||
{{tp|la}} can be used to put a prepositional phrase at the front of a sentence. |
|||
{{Example |
|||
;"ale ante li kama tan sina". |
|||
|jan Sonja li pana e toki pona tawa kulupu kepeken toki ni. |
|||
:"Now the rest depends on you".<ref>[[pu]]-en p. 62</ref> |
|||
|Sonja gave Toki Pona to the community with these words. |
|||
:"Dorénavant la suite vous appartient".<ref>[[pu]]-fr p. 67</ref> |
|||
|jan [sona olin nasa jasima alasa] li pana e toki pona tawa kulupu kepeken toki ni |
|||
}} |
|||
::With these words Sonja gave toki pona to the community. |
|||
{{Example |
|||
:;jan Sonja li pana e toki pona tawa kulupu kepeken toki ni. |
|||
|<mark>kepeken toki ni la</mark> jan Sonja li pana e toki pona tawa kulupu. |
|||
::Sonja gave toki pona to the community with these words. |
|||
|<mark>With these words</mark> Sonja gave Toki Pona to the community. |
|||
|<mark>kepeken toki ni la</mark>jan [sona olin nasa jasima alasa] li pana e toki pona tawa kulupu |
|||
}} |
|||
When fronted, [[lon]] is dropped |
When fronted, {{tp|[[lon]]}} is most frequently dropped. |
||
;mi moku e kili lon tenpo ni. |
|||
:I'm eating a fruit now. |
|||
;tenpo ni la mi moku e kili. |
|||
:This time I'm eating fruit. |
|||
{{Example |
|||
Sometimes, [[lon]] is also used as a content word. In this case, it is retained: |
|||
|mi moku e kili lon tenpo ni. |
|||
|I'm eating a fruit at this time (now). |
|||
:Lots of people are here. |
|||
|mi moku e kili lon tenpo-ni |
|||
;ma ni la jan mute li lon. |
|||
}} |
|||
:Around here there are lots of people. |
|||
{{Example |
|||
|<mark>tenpo ni la</mark> mi moku e kili. |
|||
|<mark>As for this time (now)</mark> I'm eating fruit. |
|||
|<mark>tenpo-ni la</mark>mi moku e kili |
|||
}} |
|||
{{tp|lon}} can be added back in, and other fronted prepositions can get dropped, depending on the speaker. |
|||
=== Cause and effect === |
|||
[[la]] can show cause and effect. The part before the [[la]] is taken to bring about or be the condition for what comes after the particle. |
|||
Sometimes, {{tp|[[lon]]}} is also used as a content word. In this case, it is retained: |
|||
:;ilo li mu la mi lukin e ona. |
|||
::My phone rang so I checked it. |
|||
::When my phone rings I check it. |
|||
::If my phone rings I'll check it. |
|||
{{Example |
|||
:;tenpo seli la mi pilin pona. |
|||
|jan mute li lon ma ni. |
|||
::"Summertime and the livin' is easy".<ref>[[w:Summertime (Gershwin Song)]]</ref> |
|||
|Lots of people are here. |
|||
|jan-mute li lon ma-ni |
|||
}} |
|||
{{Example |
|||
|<mark>ma ni la</mark> jan mute li lon. |
|||
|Around here there are lots of people. |
|||
|<mark>ma-ni la</mark>jan-mute li lon |
|||
}} |
|||
===Cause and effect=== |
|||
== Punctuation == |
|||
{{tp|la}} can show cause and effect. The part before the {{tp|la}} is taken to bring about, or be the condition for, what comes after the particle. |
|||
{{Example |
|||
== External resources == |
|||
|<mark>ilo li mu la</mark> mi lukin e ona. |
|||
* [[pu]] Lesson 14 |
|||
|<mark>My phone rang, so</mark> I checked it.<br/> |
|||
* [https://lipu-sona.pona.la/9.html jan Lentan Lesson 9] |
|||
<mark>When my phone rings,</mark> I check it.<br/> |
|||
* [https://sowelitesa.kittycat.homes/lipu-sona/15 soweli Tesa] |
|||
<mark>If my phone rings,</mark> I will check it. |
|||
* [https://htmlpreview.github.io/?https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jan-Lope/Toki_Pona_lessons_English/gh-pages/toki-pona-lessons_en/index.html#SECTION002200000000000000000 jan Lope Conditional Sentences] |
|||
|<mark>ilo li mu la</mark>mi lukin e ona |
|||
* [https://github.com/kilipan/nasin-toki#the-particle-la nasin toki pona] |
|||
}} |
|||
* [https://mun.la/sona/la.html jan Kekan San Context and la] |
|||
* [https://mun.la/sona/la-extras.html jan Kekan San Tricks with la] |
|||
==Definitions== |
|||
[[Category:Particles]] |
|||
==={{tp|pu}}=== |
|||
In the "[[Dictionary (pu)|Official Toki Pona Dictionary]]" section, the book {{pu|en}} defines {{tp|la}} as: |
|||
{{pu def}} |
|||
==={{tp|ku}}=== |
|||
For {{ku|en}}, respondents in {{tp|[[ma pona pi toki pona]]}} translated these English words as {{tp|la}}:<ref>{{cite ku|261}}</ref> |
|||
{{ku data}} |
|||
==Punctuation== |
|||
Commas are optional in Toki Pona, and they can be placed before or after {{tp|la}}. In the {{ku|en}}, Sonja Lang states that it is a "stylistic choice".<ref>{{cite ku|9}}</ref> In this article, all commas are omitted in Toki Pona text. |
|||
=={{tp|sitelen pona}}== |
|||
The {{tp|[[sitelen pona]]}} glyph for {{tp|la}} ({{UCSUR char|{{codepoint|la}}}}) is shaped like a closing {{wp|parenthesis}}, often used to delimit the markers of an ordered list, or paired as a set of parentheses to provide extra detail on the surrounding text. The list usage can be replicated in {{tp|sitelen pona}} to a degree: |
|||
{{Example |
|||
|||3= |
|||
nanpa wan la <span style="opacity:0.5;">o ijo</span><br/> |
|||
nanpa tu la <span style="opacity:0.5;">o ijo</span><br/> |
|||
nanpa mute la <span style="opacity:0.5;">o ijo</span> |
|||
}} |
|||
=={{tp|sitelen sitelen}}== |
|||
{{Empty}} |
|||
<!--The {{tp|[[sitelen sitelen]]}} glyph for {{tp|{{subst:PAGENAME}}}} ({{ss|{{subst:PAGENAME}}}}) depicts/represents/is derived from/is composed of ….--> |
|||
==Domain names== |
|||
The {{w|Country code top-level domain|top-level domain}} {{w|.la}}, officially used by {{w|Laos}}, is popularly used in the Toki Pona community for websites with Toki Pona content. |
|||
==References== |
|||
<references/> |
|||
==Further reading== |
|||
===Resources=== |
|||
* {{pu|en}}: Lesson 14 |
|||
* {{tok|jan Lentan}}: [//lipu-sona.pona.la/9.html Lesson 9] |
|||
* {{tok|soweli Tesa}}: [https://lipu-sona.kittycat.homes/en/la Lesson 15] |
|||
* {{tok|jan Kekan San}}: [//mun.la/sona/la.html Context and {{tok|la}}] |
|||
* {{tok|jan Kekan San}}: [//mun.la/sona/la-extras.html Tricks with {{tok|la}}] |
|||
* {{tp|nasin toki pona}}: [//github.com/kilipan/nasin-toki#the-particle-la the particle {{tok|la}}] |
|||
===Dictionaries=== |
|||
* {{R:Linku}} |
|||
* {{R:Wikipesija}} |
|||
* {{R:Wiktionary}} |
|||
{{Words}} |
|||
Latest revision as of 20:19, 13 March 2024
  | |
| Pronunciation | /la/ |
|---|---|
| Usage | 2023: Core (100% → )2022: Core (100%) |
| Book and era | nimi pu |
| Part of speech | Particle |
| Codepoint | U+F1921 |
la is a particle used to separate the context from the main part of a sentence. The phrase before la can range from a single content word to a full sentence.
Functions[edit | edit source]
la indicates that what comes after it follows from or depends on what came before. It is extremely general, and can indicate all sorts of antecedent–consequent relationships, including prepositional descriptions, cause and effect, conditions, or where, when, or how something happens. Generally, what comes before la is the context for what comes after.
Fronting prepositional phrases[edit | edit source]
la can be used to put a prepositional phrase at the front of a sentence.
jan [sona olin nasa jasima alasa] li pana e toki pona tawa kulupu kepeken toki nijan Sonja li pana e toki pona tawa kulupu kepeken toki ni.
Sonja gave Toki Pona to the community with these words.
kepeken toki ni lajan [sona olin nasa jasima alasa] li pana e toki pona tawa kulupukepeken toki ni la jan Sonja li pana e toki pona tawa kulupu.
With these words Sonja gave Toki Pona to the community.
When fronted, lon is most frequently dropped.
mi moku e kili lon tenpo-nimi moku e kili lon tenpo ni.
I'm eating a fruit at this time (now).
tenpo-ni lami moku e kilitenpo ni la mi moku e kili.
As for this time (now) I'm eating fruit.
lon can be added back in, and other fronted prepositions can get dropped, depending on the speaker.
Sometimes, lon is also used as a content word. In this case, it is retained:
jan-mute li lon ma-nijan mute li lon ma ni.
Lots of people are here.
ma-ni lajan-mute li lonma ni la jan mute li lon.
Around here there are lots of people.
Cause and effect[edit | edit source]
la can show cause and effect. The part before the la is taken to bring about, or be the condition for, what comes after the particle.
ilo li mu lami lukin e onailo li mu la mi lukin e ona.
My phone rang, so I checked it.
When my phone rings, I check it.
If my phone rings, I will check it.
Definitions[edit | edit source]
pu[edit | edit source]
In the "Official Toki Pona Dictionary" section, the book Toki Pona: The Language of Good defines la as:
PARTICLE (between the context phrase and the main sentence)
ku[edit | edit source]
For Toki Pona Dictionary, respondents in ma pona pi toki pona translated these English words as la:[1]
if5, while3, depending3, regarding2, than2
Punctuation[edit | edit source]
Commas are optional in Toki Pona, and they can be placed before or after la. In the Toki Pona Dictionary, Sonja Lang states that it is a "stylistic choice".[2] In this article, all commas are omitted in Toki Pona text.
sitelen pona[edit | edit source]
The sitelen pona glyph for la () is shaped like a closing parenthesis, often used to delimit the markers of an ordered list, or paired as a set of parentheses to provide extra detail on the surrounding text. The list usage can be replicated in sitelen pona to a degree:
nanpa wan la o ijo
nanpa tu la o ijo
nanpa mute la o ijo
sitelen sitelen[edit | edit source]
Domain names[edit | edit source]
The top-level domain .la, officially used by Laos, is popularly used in the Toki Pona community for websites with Toki Pona content.
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Lang, Sonja. (18 July 2021). Toki Pona Dictionary. Illustrated by Vacon Sartirani. Tawhid. ISBN 978-0978292362. p. 261.
- ↑ Lang, Sonja. (18 July 2021). Toki Pona Dictionary. Illustrated by Vacon Sartirani. Tawhid. ISBN 978-0978292362. p. 9.
Further reading[edit | edit source]
Resources[edit | edit source]
- Toki Pona: The Language of Good: Lesson 14
- jan Lentan: Lesson 9
- soweli Tesa: Lesson 15
- jan Kekan San: Context and la
- jan Kekan San: Tricks with la
- nasin toki pona: the particle la
Dictionaries[edit | edit source]
- "la" on lipu Linku
- "la" on lipu Wikipesija
- "la" on English Wiktionary