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(Created page with "{{nimi |sp=Kin - sitelen pona tan lipu pu pi toki Epelanto.png |PoS=both }} '''{{tp|{{subst:PAGENAME}}}}''' is {{a category}} semiparticle meaning "also". Grammatically, it works similarly to {{tp|taso}}. ==Etymology== The word {{tp|{{subst:PAGENAME}}}} is derived from the {{w|Finnish language|Finnish}} suffix ''{{lang|fi|-kin}}'', meaning "also".<ref>{{cite etym}}</ref> ==Semantic space== {{tp|kin}} can modify a preceding content word to add the sense...")
 
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{{nimi
{{nimi
|PoS=semiparticle
|sp=Kin - sitelen pona tan lipu pu pi toki Epelanto.png
|PoS=both
}}
}}
'''{{tp|kin}}''' is {{a category}} [[semiparticle]] meaning "also". Grammatically, it works similarly to {{tp|[[taso]]}}.
'''{{tp|kin}}''' is {{a category}} [[semiparticle]] meaning "also".


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
The word {{tp|kin}} is derived from the {{w|Finnish language|Finnish}} suffix ''{{lang|fi|-kin}}'', meaning "also".<ref>{{cite etym}}</ref>
The word {{tp|kin}} is derived from the {{w|Finnish language|Finnish}} suffix ''{{lang|fi|-kin}}'', meaning "also".<ref>{{cite etym}}</ref>


==Semantic space==
==Function==
{{tp|kin}} can [[modify]] a preceding [[content word]] to add the sense of "also, too". The word that is modified is important:
The particle {{tp|kin}} is used to [[modify]] a preceding [[content word]] to add the sense of "also, too". The word that is modified is important:

⚫
{{Example|<mark>ona</mark> li pana e lipu. <mark>mi kin</mark> li pana e lipu.|<mark>They</mark> handed out the papers. <mark>We too</mark> handed out the papers.}}
{{Example
{{Example|mi <mark>lukin</mark> e lipu. mi <mark>pana kin</mark> e lipu.|We <mark>read</mark> the papers. We <mark>also handed out</mark> the papers.}}
|ona li pana e lipu. mi <mark>kin</mark> li pana e lipu.
⚫
|They handed out the papers. We <mark>too</mark> handed out the papers.
|ona li pana e lipu {{idsp}} mi <mark>kin </mark> li pana e lipu
}}
{{Example
|mi lukin e lipu. mi pana <mark>kin</mark> e lipu.
|We read the papers. We <mark>also</mark> handed out the papers.
|mi lukin e lipu {{idsp}} mi pana <mark>kin </mark> e lipu
}}

⚫
At the end of a sentence, {{tp|kin}} can also be used to reciprocate a statement.


⚫
{{tp|kin}} can also be used to reciprocate a statement:<ref>[[wikipesija:nimi:kin]]</ref>
{{Example
{{Example
|"mi olin e sina." &mdash; "mi olin e sina <mark>kin</mark>."
|"mi olin e sina." &mdash; "mi olin e sina <mark>kin</mark>."
|"I love you." &mdash; "I love you <mark>too</mark>."
|"I love you." &mdash; "I love you <mark>too</mark>."
|te mi olin e sina to&#x3000;te mi olin e sina<mark>kin</mark>to
|te mi olin e sina to {{idsp}} te mi olin e sina <mark>kin </mark> to
}}
}}


===Conjunction===
===Sentence-initial use===
{{tp|kin}} can be used at the start of a sentence.
The word {{tp|kin}} may be used at the start of a sentence. There is some debate over whether to follow sentence-initial {{tp|kin}} with {{tp|[[la]]}}, treating it as a context phrase.

According to poll in early 2023, the majority of speakers use {{tp|kin la}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=//polljunkie.com/poll/gcataw/nimi-kin-en-nimi-a/view|title={{tok|nimi Kin en nimi A}}|author={{tok|jan Ke Tami}}|username=|date=2023-02-08|website=Poll Junkie|access-date=2023-12-04|quote=}}</ref> These may interpret {{tp|kin}} as an [[interjection]], meaning "likewise", being used as a sentence fragment in the context position.

{{Example
{{Example
|kiwen li open e tomo li lon anpa len. <mark>kin</mark>, kili suwi li lon poki lete.
|jan olin li lon tomo. kin la mama mi li lape.
|My spouse is home. Also, my father is sleeping.
|The keys to the building are under the rug. <mark>Also</mark>, the plums are in the icebox.
|jan-olin li lon tomo {{idsp}} kin la mama mi li lape
|kiwen li open e tomo li lon anpa len&#x3000;<mark>kin</mark>kili-suwi li lon poki-lete
}}
}}


There is some debate over whether to follow sentence-initial {{tp|kin}} with {{tp|[[la]]}}, treating it as a context phrase. Some speakers argue that {{tp|kin la}} would be ungrammatical as {{tp|kin}} has no [[content word]] meaning in this position, while others resist the use of {{tp|kin}} without {{tp|la}} as a conjunction. The same arguments apply to {{tp|[[taso]]}}.
Other speakers may interpret sentence-initial {{tp|kin}} as a [[semiparticle]], which does not need the [[particle]] {{tp|la}}, similarly to starting a sentence with {{tp|a}}, and feel that {{tp|kin}} has no [[content word]] meaning as the head of a phrase such as the context clause. Similar arguments apply to {{tp|[[taso]]}}, although not all speakers use the same method for both {{tp|kin (la)}} and {{tp|taso (la)}}.

{{Example
|jan olin li lon tomo. kin mama mi li lape.
|My spouse is home. Also, my father is sleeping.
|jan-olin li lon tomo {{idsp}} kin mama mi li lape
}}


==={{tp|pu}}===
==={{tp|pu}}===
{{Main|Synonyms#pu "synonyms"{{!}}Synonyms &sect; {{tp|pu}} "synonyms"}}
{{Main|Synonyms#"Synonyms" in pu|Synonyms#"Synonyms" in {{tp|pu}}}}
{{Historical}}
{{Start section|Historical}}
In the "[[Dictionary (pu)|Official Toki Pona Dictionary]]" section, the book {{pu|en}} defines {{tp|kin}} as a "[[synonym]]" of {{tp|[[a]]}}:
In the "[[Dictionary (pu)|Official Toki Pona Dictionary]]" section, the book {{pu|en}} defines {{tp|kin}} as a "[[synonym]]" of {{tp|[[a]]}}. This sense is generally not understood. It largely does not reflect earlier use of {{tp|kin}} either.

{{pu def}}
{{pu def}}
⚫
{{End section}}

This sense is generally not understood. It largely does not reflect earlier use of {{tp|kin}}, either.


==={{tp|ku}}===
==={{tp|ku}}===
For {{ku|en}}, respondents in {{tp|[[ma pona pi toki pona]]}} translated these English words as {{tp|kin}}:
For {{ku|en}}, respondents in {{tp|[[ma pona pi toki pona]]}} translated these English words as {{tp|kin}}:<ref>{{cite ku|249}}</ref>

{{ku data}}
{{ku data}}


=={{tp|sitelen pona}}==
=={{tp|sitelen pona}}==
[[File:Kin - linja pona.svg|thumb|60x60px|{{tp|kin}} in {{tp|[[linja pona]]}}]]
⚫
{{Needs work||section}}
The {{tp|[[sitelen pona]]}} glyph for {{tp|kin}} ({{UCSUR char|{{codepoint|kin}}}}) is derived from an {{w|exclamation mark}} with an {{w|asterisk}} (*) in place of the dot. The rotation and number of spokes on the asterisk is unimportant. The shape may be influenced from the {{w|Star (glyph)|star}} as a symbol for birth or a means of highlighting or {{w|Favorites|favoriting}}, and the asterisk as a {{w|Multiplication#Notation|multiplication sign}} or {{w|wildcard character}}; it seems to only coincidentally resemble the glyph for {{tp|[[lete]]}}. The punctuation stem can be drawn upright ({{sp|1=<span style="font-feature-settings:'ss16';">kin</span>|font="sitelen seli kiwen asuki"}}) or at a diagonal ({{sp|1=<span style="font-feature-settings:'ss17';">kin</span>|font="sitelen seli kiwen asuki"}}).
⚫
The {{tp|[[sitelen pona]]}} glyph for {{tp|kin}} represents/is derived from ...

The glyph for {{tp|kin}} was designed in October 2016, at the suggestion of {{tok|jan Kipo}}. {{tok|[[jan Same]]}}'s original proposal was a circle (from the glyph for {{tp|[[ijo]]}}) with two horizontal lines below, which could be interpreted as emphasis underlines or the glyph for {{tp|[[sama]]}}. {{tok|jan Same}} later suggested using a star for {{tp|kin}}. {{tok|jan Tepan}} refined this into "an exclamation mark with an asterisk instead of the dot", influenced by the glyph for {{tp|[[a]]}}, despite the contributors' hesitance to reuse the punctuation stem design.<ref name="sp origin">{{cite web|url=http://forums.tokipona.org/viewtopic.php?p=15245|title=Re: {{tok|Sitelen pona}} glyphs for new and apocryphal words|website=Toki Pona Forums|author={{tok|jan Same}}|date=2016-10-16|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref> This version was included in version 1.0 of {{tp|[[linja pona]]}}.

=={{tp|sitelen sitelen}}==
{{Empty}}
⚫
<!--The {{tp|[[sitelen sitelen]]}} glyph for {{tp|{{subst:PAGENAME}}}} ({{ss|{{subst:PAGENAME}}}}) depicts/represents/is derived from/is composed of ….-->

==History==
{{Start section|Historical}}
For a brief period in early 2002, {{tp|kin}} was used to separate subjects in a sentence, the way {{tp|[[en]]}} is used today.<ref name="lang2002">{{cite web|url=http://forums.tokipona.org/viewtopic.php?t=81|title=The words "en", "kin", and "kan"|website=Toki Pona Forums|author=Sonja Lang|date=2002-10-27|access-date=2023-10-10}}</ref> This use was deprecated in the same poll that established the modern system for {{tp|[[en]]}} and deprecated {{tp|[[kan]]}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forums.tokipona.org/viewtopic.php?f=33&t=17&p=220|title=Poll results for tokipona|website=Toki Pona Forums|author=tokipona@yahoogroups.com|date=2002-11-01|access-date=2023-10-10}}</ref>

{{Example
|unpa <mark>kin</mark> moku Elena li pona tawa sijelo.
|Sex and Greek food are good for the body.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sonja Lang|title=seme li sin?|date=2002-06-03|website=Toki Pona Forums|url=http://forums.tokipona.org/viewtopic.php?p=114#p114|url-date=2024-01-17}}</ref>
|unpa <mark>kin </mark> moku [esun lili en nena ale] li pona tawa sijelo
}}

It retained its role as an emphasizing particle during this time, though it was a prefix.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sonja Lang|website=tokipona.org|title=Toki Pona Word List|archive-date=2003-03-04|date=2002|url=http://www.tokipona.org/tp-en.php|archive-url=https://archive.ph/dBf4Y|quote=emphasizes the word that follows}}</ref>

{{Example
|ona li <mark>kin</mark> lukin ala e mi.
|He didn't even acknowledge me.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sonja Lang|title=English-Toki Pona Dictionary|date=January 2002|archive-date=2002-03-05|website=tokipona.org|url=http://www.tokipona.org/en-tp.php|archive-url=https://archive.ph/dqjw5}}</ref>
|ona li <mark>kin </mark> lukin ala e mi
}}

===Emphasis marker===

In [[pre-pu]] and early [[post-pu]] Toki Pona, {{tp|kin}} was defined as an emphasis marker,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108010414/http://tokipona.net/tp/ClassicWordList.aspx|title=Classic Word List (Improved!)|website=tokipona.net|archive-date=2013-01-08}}</ref> a function that has been taken over by the word {{tp|[[a]]}} since {{pu}}'s attempt to merge the two as [[synonyms]].

This emphasis-marking function also influenced the {{tp|sitelen pona}} design as a type of exclamation mark.<ref name="sp origin" />
{{End section}}


==References==
==References==
<references />
<references/>


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* {{R:Linku}}
* {{R:Linku}}
* {{R:Wikipesija}} <!-- Check if page exists -->
* {{R:Wikipesija}}
* {{R:Wiktionary}} <!-- Check if page exists -->
* {{R:Wiktionary}}
{{Words}}
{{Words}}

Revision as of 03:48, 25 April 2024

kin in sitelen pona
kin in sitelen sitelen
Pronunciation /kin/
Usage 2023: Common4, Widespread6 (83% ↘︎ )2022: Widespread (89%)
Book and era nimi ku suli ("synonym" in pu)
Part of speech Semiparticle
Codepoint 󱥹 U+F1979

kin is a common semiparticle meaning "also".

Etymology

The word kin is derived from the Finnish suffix -kin, meaning "also".[1]

Function

The particle kin is used to modify a preceding content word to add the sense of "also, too". The word that is modified is important:

ona li pana e lipu 　 mi kin li pana e lipu

ona li pana e lipu. mi kin li pana e lipu.

They handed out the papers. We too handed out the papers.

mi lukin e lipu 　 mi pana kin e lipu

mi lukin e lipu. mi pana kin e lipu.

We read the papers. We also handed out the papers.

At the end of a sentence, kin can also be used to reciprocate a statement.

te mi olin e sina to 　 te mi olin e sina kin to

"mi olin e sina." — "mi olin e sina kin."

"I love you." — "I love you too."

Sentence-initial use

The word kin may be used at the start of a sentence. There is some debate over whether to follow sentence-initial kin with la, treating it as a context phrase.

According to poll in early 2023, the majority of speakers use kin la.[2] These may interpret kin as an interjection, meaning "likewise", being used as a sentence fragment in the context position.

jan-olin li lon tomo 　 kin la mama mi li lape

jan olin li lon tomo. kin la mama mi li lape.

My spouse is home. Also, my father is sleeping.

Other speakers may interpret sentence-initial kin as a semiparticle, which does not need the particle la, similarly to starting a sentence with a, and feel that kin has no content word meaning as the head of a phrase such as the context clause. Similar arguments apply to taso, although not all speakers use the same method for both kin (la) and taso (la).

jan-olin li lon tomo 　 kin mama mi li lape

jan olin li lon tomo. kin mama mi li lape.

My spouse is home. Also, my father is sleeping.

pu

Main articles: Synonyms § "Synonyms" in pu, and [[:Synonyms#"Synonyms" in pu|Synonyms § "Synonyms" in pu]]
Caution: The subject of this section is historical information that is presented for completeness, and might not reflect current usage.

In the "Official Toki Pona Dictionary" section, the book Toki Pona: The Language of Good defines kin as a "synonym" of a. This sense is generally not understood. It largely does not reflect earlier use of kin either.

PARTICLE  (emphasis, emotion or confirmation)

ku

For Toki Pona Dictionary, respondents in ma pona pi toki pona translated these English words as kin:[3]

also4, too4, indeed2, especially2

sitelen pona

kin in linja pona

The sitelen pona glyph for kin (󱥹) is derived from an exclamation mark with an asterisk (*) in place of the dot. The rotation and number of spokes on the asterisk is unimportant. The shape may be influenced from the star as a symbol for birth or a means of highlighting or favoriting, and the asterisk as a multiplication sign or wildcard character; it seems to only coincidentally resemble the glyph for lete. The punctuation stem can be drawn upright (kin) or at a diagonal (kin).

The glyph for kin was designed in October 2016, at the suggestion of jan Kipo. jan Same's original proposal was a circle (from the glyph for ijo) with two horizontal lines below, which could be interpreted as emphasis underlines or the glyph for sama. jan Same later suggested using a star for kin. jan Tepan refined this into "an exclamation mark with an asterisk instead of the dot", influenced by the glyph for a, despite the contributors' hesitance to reuse the punctuation stem design.[4] This version was included in version 1.0 of linja pona.

sitelen sitelen

Under construction: This section is empty. You can help us by adding to it.

History

Caution: The subject of this section is historical information that is presented for completeness, and might not reflect current usage.

For a brief period in early 2002, kin was used to separate subjects in a sentence, the way en is used today.[5] This use was deprecated in the same poll that established the modern system for en and deprecated kan.[6]

unpa kin moku [esun lili en nena ale] li pona tawa sijelo

unpa kin moku Elena li pona tawa sijelo.

Sex and Greek food are good for the body.[7]

It retained its role as an emphasizing particle during this time, though it was a prefix.[8]

ona li kin lukin ala e mi

ona li kin lukin ala e mi.

He didn't even acknowledge me.[9]

Emphasis marker

In pre-pu and early post-pu Toki Pona, kin was defined as an emphasis marker,[10] a function that has been taken over by the word a since pu's attempt to merge the two as synonyms.

This emphasis-marking function also influenced the sitelen pona design as a type of exclamation mark.[4]

References

  1. ↑ "Word Origins". tokipona.org. Archived from the original on 8 August 2002.
  2. ↑ jan Ke Tami. (8 February 2023). "nimi Kin en nimi A". Poll Junkie. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  3. ↑ Lang, Sonja. (18 July 2021). Toki Pona Dictionary. Illustrated by Vacon Sartirani. Tawhid. ISBN 978-0978292362. p. 249.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 jan Same. (16 October 2016). "Re: Sitelen pona glyphs for new and apocryphal words". Toki Pona Forums. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  5. ↑ Sonja Lang. (27 October 2002). "The words "en", "kin", and "kan"". Toki Pona Forums. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  6. ↑ tokipona@yahoogroups.com. (1 November 2002). "Poll results for tokipona". Toki Pona Forums. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  7. ↑ Sonja Lang. (3 June 2002). "seme li sin?". Toki Pona Forums.
  8. ↑ Sonja Lang. (8 June 2002). "Toki Pona Word List". tokipona.org. Archived from the original on 4 March 2003. "emphasizes the word that follows".
  9. ↑ Sonja Lang. (1 January 2002). "English-Toki Pona Dictionary". tokipona.org. Archived from the original on 5 March 2002.
  10. ↑ "Classic Word List (Improved!)". tokipona.net.

Further reading

Parts of speech Content words (Roles · Prepositions · Preverbs · Names · Numbers) · Particles (Semiparticles) · Interjections
Usage Book presence (nimi pu · nimi ku) · Eras (pre-pu · post-pu · post-ku) · Usage categories · nimi sin · Synonyms · Reserved words · Place and language names
Core words a · akesi · ala · alasa · ale / ali · anpa · ante · anu · awen · e · en · esun · ijo · ike · ilo · insa · jaki · jan · jelo · jo · kala · kalama · kama · kasi · ken · kepeken · kili · kiwen · ko · kon · kule · kulupu · kute · la · lape · laso · lawa · len · lete · li · lili · linja · lipu · loje · lon · luka · lukin · lupa · ma · mama · mani · mi · moku · moli · monsi · mu · mun · musi · mute · nanpa · nasa · nasin · nena · ni · nimi · noka · o · olin · ona · open · pakala · pali · palisa · pan · pana · pi · pilin · pimeja · pini · pipi · poka · poki · pona · pu · sama · seli · selo · seme · sewi · sijelo · sike · sin · sina · sinpin · sitelen · sona · soweli · suli · suno · supa · suwi · tan · taso · tawa · telo · tenpo · toki · tomo · tu · unpa · uta · utala · walo · wan · waso · wawa · weka · wile
Common words kijetesantakalu · kin · kipisi · ku · leko · meli · mije · misikeke · monsuta · n · namako · soko · tonsi
Uncommon words epiku · jasima · kokosila · lanpan · linluwi · majuna · meso · nimisin · oko
Resources Dictionaries · Glossary · Cognates · Glosses · Minimal pairs
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